Study of Transportation of GTL Products From Alaskan North Slope (ANS) To Markets

Study of Transportation of GTL Products From Alaskan North Slope (ANS) To Markets - September 2002

Foreword (1.48mb)	Abstract					ii
	Executive Summary					xi
Section 1 (975kb)	1	Introduction				1
		1.1	Project Objectives			2
		1.2	Project Tasks			2
		1.3	GTL Transportation Issues			5
Section 2 (2.51mb)	2	GTL Process Review				7
		2.1	Synthesis Gas Production			7
			2.1.1	Non-Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Natural Gas		8
			2.1.2	Steam Reforming		8
			2.1.3	Autothermal Reforming		8
			2.1.4	Process Evaluation		9
		2.2	Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis			9
			2.2.1	FT Synthesis In Fixed Bed Reactors		10
			2.2.2	Fluidized Bed FT Reactors		10
			2.2.3	Slurry Bed Reactors		11
		2.3	Range of Products			13
			2.3.1	The Fischer-Tropsch Process		13
			2.3.2	Type of Reactors		16
			2.3.3	Catalyst		17
			2.3.4	Pressure		19
			2.3.5	Temperature		19
			2.3.6	H2/CO Ratio		19
			2.3.7	Space Velocity		19
		2.4	FT Products Refining and Upgrading			20
		2.5	Summary			22
Section 3 (3.05mb)	3	GTL Material Testing				24
		3.1	GTL Material Testing			24
Tables 3.1-3.11 (2.07mb)		3.2	Quality Assurance Project Plan			25
Figures 3.1-3.14 (4.09mb)		3.3	Description of the Density and Viscosity Measurement Apparatus			26
			3.3.1	Anton-Parr Densitometer		26
			3.3.2	Brookfield Rotational Viscometer		26
		3.4	Test Fluids for Density and Viscosity Measurements			27
			3.4.1	Crude Oil Reconditioning and Aliquoting		27
		3.5	Test Conditions for Density and Viscosity Measurements			28
		3.6	Experimental Procedures for Density and Viscosity Measurements			28
			3.6.1	Density Measurements		28
				3.6.1.1	Calibration	28
				3.6.1.2	Test Sample Density Measurement	30
			3.6.2	Viscosity Measurements		30
				3.6.2.1	Calibration	30
				3.6.2.2	Test Sample Viscosity Measurement	31
		3.7	Experimental Results and Discussions			33
			3.7.1	Density Measurements		33
			3.7.2	Viscosity Measurements		34
		3.8	Correlations of the Measured Density and Viscosity Data			34
		3.9	Test Fluids for Gel Strength Measurements			36
			3.9.1	GTL 1		36
			3.9.2	GTL 2		36
		3.10	GTL and Taps Crude Oil Blends			36
		3.11	Compositional Analysis of GTL 1 and Crude Oil Blends			37
		3.12	Compositional Analysis of GTL 2 and Crude Oil Blends			38
		3.13	Test Temperatures for Gel Strength Measurements			38
		3.14	Gel Strength Measurement Procedure			38
		3.15	Experimental Results and Discussions			39
			3.15.1	Gel Strength Measurements on GTL 1 and TAPS Crude Oil		39
			3.15.2	Gel Strength Measurements on GTL 2 and TAPS Crude Oil		40
		3.16	Comparison of Gel Strength Measurements on GTL 1 and GTL 2 and TAPS Crude Oil Blends			41
		3.17	Conclusions			41
			3.17.1	Density and Viscosity Measurements		41
			3.17.2	Gel Strength Measurements		42
Section 4 (2.57mb)	4	Hydraulic Modelling of GTL Transportation				66
		4.1	Batch Flow			66
		4.2	Commingled Flow			68
		4.3	Development of Model Equations			69
			4.3.1	Batch Flow Model		69
				4.3.1.1	Assumptions	69
				4.3.1.2	Governing Equations	69
			4.3.2	Commingled Flow Model		76
		4.4	Application of Model Equations			80
			4.4.1	Calculation Algorithm		80
				4.4.1.1	Batch Flow	80
				4.4.1.2	Commingled Flow	81
		4.5	Results			82
		4.6	Conclusions			85
Section 5 pt. 1 (3.32mb)	5	Thermodynamics of GTL Transportation				90
		5.1	Heat Transfer Analysis			90
			5.1.1	Below Ground Pipe Line		90
			5.1.2	Above Ground Pipe Line		98
		5.2	Fluid Dynamic Analysis			101
		5.3	Pipeline Specifications and Fluid Properties			102
			5.3.1	Pipe Specifications		102
			5.3.2	Fluid Properties		104
			5.3.3	Properties of Air		106
Section 5 pt. 2 (4.10mb)		5.4	Heat Transfer Calculations			110
		5.5	Results and Discussion			110
			5.5.1	Heat Transfer Parameters		110
			5.5.2	Heat Loss From TAPS		112
			5.5.3	Exit Temperature of the Fluid from TAPS		114
			5.5.4	Exit Temperature of Fluid in Various Months		115
			5.5.5	Heat Loss From Aboveground and Belowground Sections of the Pipeline		118
			5.5.6	Comparison of Actual Data and Calculated Results		122
		5.6	Conclusions			125
Section 6 (3.25mb)	6	Economics of GTL Transportation through TAPS				129
		6.1	Introduction			129
		6.2	GTL Transportation Modes			129
			6.2.1	Commingled Mode		129
			6.2.2	Batch Mode of Transportation		130
				6.2.2.1	Batch Mode A	130
				6.2.2.2	Batch Mode B	131
				6.2.2.3	Batch Mode C	132
		6.3	Economic Parameters			133
		6.4	Identifying Capital and Operating Costs			133
			6.4.1	Plant Cost		134
			6.4.2	Storage, Product Separation and Other Costs		136
			6.4.3	Energy Cost		137
			6.4.4	Cost of Upstream Natural Gas		138
			6.4.5	The TAPS Tariff		140
			6.4.6	Taxes		143
				6.4.6.1	Property Tax (ad Valorem)	143
				6.4.6.2	State Corporate Income Tax	143
				6.4.6.3	Severance Tax	143
				6.4.6.4	Federal Corporate Income Tax	143
		6.5	GTL Product Premium			143
		6.6	Sensitivity Analysis			145
		6.7	Method of Evaluation			147
			6.7.1	Investment Pattern		147
		6.8	Results and Discussion			147
		6.9	Summary and Conclusions			153
Section 7 (590kb)	7	Conclusions and Recommendations				156
		7.1	Conclusions			156
		7.2	Recommendations			159

Appendix A (2.16mb)	APPENDIX A			Quality Assurance Project Plan		161
Attachment 1 pt. 1 (2.38mb) Attachment 1 pt. 2 (2.13mb) Attachment 1 pt. 3 (1.91mb)	ATTACHMENT 1			Evaluation of GTL #1 and Blends by WTC
Attachment 2 pt. 1 (2.06mb) Attachment 2 pt. 2 (2.43mb)	ATTACHMENT 2			Evaluation of GTL #2 and Blends by WTC