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Study of Transportation of GTL Products From Alaskan North Slope (ANS) To Markets - September 2002

 Chukwu, Ph.D., P.E.
Godwin A.

Table of Contents 718kb

Foreword (1.48mb)

Abstract

ii

  Executive Summary

xi

Section 1 (975kb)

1

Introduction

1

   

1.1

Project Objectives

2

1.2

Project Tasks

2

1.3

GTL Transportation Issues 5

Section 2 (2.51mb)

2

GTL Process Review 7
   

2.1

Synthesis Gas Production 7
 

2.1.1

Non-Catalytic Partial Oxidation of Natural Gas 8

2.1.2

Steam Reforming 8

2.1.3

Autothermal Reforming 8

2.1.4

Process Evaluation 9

2.2

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 9
 

2.2.1

FT Synthesis In Fixed Bed Reactors 10

2.2.2

Fluidized Bed FT Reactors 10

2.2.3

Slurry Bed Reactors 11

2.3

Range of Products 13
 

2.3.1

The Fischer-Tropsch Process 13

2.3.2

Type of Reactors 16

2.3.3

Catalyst 17

2.3.4

Pressure 19

2.3.5

Temperature 19

2.3.6

H2/CO Ratio 19

2.3.7

Space Velocity 19

2.4

FT Products Refining and Upgrading 20

2.5

Summary 22

Section 3 (3.05mb)

3

GTL Material Testing 24
   

3.1

GTL Material Testing 24

Tables 3.1-3.11 (2.07mb)

3.2

Quality Assurance Project Plan 25

Figures 3.1-3.14 (4.09mb)

3.3

Description of the Density and Viscosity Measurement Apparatus 26
   

3.3.1

Anton-Parr Densitometer 26

3.3.2

Brookfield Rotational Viscometer 26

3.4

Test Fluids for Density and Viscosity Measurements 27
 

3.4.1

Crude Oil Reconditioning and Aliquoting 27

3.5

Test Conditions for Density and Viscosity Measurements 28

3.6

Experimental Procedures for Density and Viscosity Measurements 28
 

3.6.1

Density Measurements 28
 

3.6.1.1

Calibration 28

3.6.1.2

Test Sample Density Measurement 30

3.6.2

Viscosity Measurements 30
 

3.6.2.1

Calibration 30

3.6.2.2

Test Sample Viscosity Measurement 31

3.7

Experimental Results and Discussions 33

 

3.7.1

Density Measurements 33

3.7.2

Viscosity Measurements 34

3.8

Correlations of the Measured Density and Viscosity Data 34

3.9

Test Fluids for Gel Strength Measurements 36
 

3.9.1

GTL 1 36

3.9.2

GTL 2 36

3.10

GTL and Taps Crude Oil Blends 36

3.11

Compositional Analysis of GTL 1 and Crude Oil Blends 37

3.12

Compositional Analysis of GTL 2 and Crude Oil Blends 38

3.13

Test Temperatures for Gel Strength Measurements 38

3.14

Gel Strength Measurement Procedure 38

3.15

Experimental Results and Discussions 39
 

3.15.1

Gel Strength Measurements on GTL 1 and TAPS Crude Oil 39

3.15.2

Gel Strength Measurements on GTL 2 and TAPS Crude Oil 40

3.16

Comparison of Gel Strength Measurements on GTL 1 and GTL 2 and TAPS Crude Oil Blends 41

3.17

Conclusions 41
 

3.17.1

Density and Viscosity Measurements 41

3.17.2

Gel Strength Measurements 42

Section 4 (2.57mb)

4

Hydraulic Modelling of GTL Transportation 66
   

4.1

Batch Flow 66

4.2

Commingled Flow 68

4.3

Development of Model Equations 69
 

4.3.1

Batch Flow Model 69
 

4.3.1.1

Assumptions 69

4.3.1.2

Governing Equations 69

4.3.2

Commingled Flow Model 76

4.4

Application of Model Equations 80
 

4.4.1

Calculation Algorithm 80
 

4.4.1.1

Batch Flow 80

4.4.1.2

Commingled Flow 81

4.5

Results 82

4.6

Conclusions 85

Section 5 pt. 1 (3.32mb)

5

Thermodynamics of GTL Transportation 90
   

5.1

Heat Transfer Analysis 90
 

5.1.1

Below Ground Pipe Line 90

5.1.2

Above Ground Pipe Line 98

5.2

Fluid Dynamic Analysis 101

5.3

Pipeline Specifications and Fluid Properties 102
 

5.3.1

Pipe Specifications 102

5.3.2

Fluid Properties 104

5.3.3

Properties of Air 106
Section 5 pt. 2 (4.10mb)

5.4

Heat Transfer Calculations 110
 

5.5

Results and Discussion 110
 

5.5.1

Heat Transfer Parameters 110

5.5.2

Heat Loss From TAPS 112

5.5.3

Exit Temperature of the Fluid from TAPS 114

5.5.4

Exit Temperature of Fluid in Various Months 115

5.5.5

Heat Loss From Aboveground and Belowground Sections of the Pipeline 118

5.5.6

Comparison of Actual Data and Calculated Results 122

5.6

Conclusions 125

Section 6 (3.25mb)

6

Economics of GTL Transportation through TAPS 129
   

6.1

Introduction 129

6.2

GTL Transportation Modes 129
 

6.2.1

Commingled Mode 129

6.2.2

Batch Mode of Transportation 130
 

6.2.2.1

Batch Mode A 130

6.2.2.2

Batch Mode B 131

6.2.2.3

Batch Mode C 132

6.3

Economic Parameters 133

6.4

Identifying Capital and Operating Costs 133
 

6.4.1

Plant Cost 134

6.4.2

Storage, Product Separation and Other Costs 136

6.4.3

Energy Cost 137

6.4.4

Cost of Upstream Natural Gas 138

6.4.5

The TAPS Tariff 140

6.4.6

Taxes 143
 

6.4.6.1

Property Tax (ad Valorem) 143

6.4.6.2

State Corporate Income Tax 143

6.4.6.3

Severance Tax 143

6.4.6.4

Federal Corporate Income Tax 143

6.5

GTL Product Premium 143

6.6

Sensitivity Analysis 145

6.7

Method of Evaluation 147
 

6.7.1

Investment Pattern 147

6.8

Results and Discussion 147

6.9

Summary and Conclusions 153

Section 7 (590kb)

7

Conclusions and Recommendations 156
   

7.1

Conclusions 156

7.2

Recommendations 159
 

Appendix A (2.16mb)

APPENDIX A Quality Assurance Project Plan 161
Attachment 1 pt. 1 (2.38mb)

Attachment 1 pt. 2 (2.13mb)

Attachment 1 pt. 3 (1.91mb)

ATTACHMENT 1 Evaluation of GTL #1 and Blends by WTC
Attachment 2 pt. 1 (2.06mb)

Attachment 2 pt. 2 (2.43mb)

ATTACHMENT 2 Evaluation of GTL #2 and Blends by WTC