| LIST OF FIGURES |
vii |
| LIST OF TABLES |
ix |
| ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND INITIALISMS |
xi |
| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
xiii |
|
1 |
INTRODUCTION |
1-1 |
| |
1.1 |
GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND ENERGY |
1-3 |
|
1.2 |
THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY |
1-5 |
|
1.3 |
ABOUT THIS STUDY |
1-6 |
|
1.4 |
REFERENCES |
1-8 |
|
2 |
TECHNOLOGY PATHWAYS |
2-1 |
| |
2.1 |
CARBON LEVELS: PRESENT AND FUTURE |
2-3 |
|
2.2 |
STUDY METHODOLOGY AND ASSUMPTIONS |
2-5 |
|
2.3 |
ENERGY EFFICIENCY |
2-8 |
| |
2.3.1 |
Buildings |
2-8 |
|
2.3.2 |
Industry |
2-12 |
|
2.3.3 |
Transportation |
2-16 |
|
2.3.4 |
Agriculture and Forestry |
2-20 |
|
2.4 |
CLEAN ENERGY |
2-23 |
| |
2.4.1 |
Fossil Resource |
2-24 |
|
2.4.2 |
Fossil Power Generation |
2-28 |
|
2.4.3 |
Nuclear Energy |
2-32 |
|
2.4.4 |
Renewable Energy |
2-36 |
|
2.5 |
CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND MANAGEMENT |
2-41 |
|
2.6 |
REFERENCES |
2-44 |
|
3 |
BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH AND CROSSCUTTING
TECHNOLOGIES |
3-1 |
| |
3.1 |
RESEARCH TO ADVANCE UNDERSTANDING OF THE GLOBAL
CARBON CYCLE |
3-3 |
| |
3.1.1 |
Global Carbon Cycle Modeling and Measurement |
3-3 |
|
3.2 |
BASIC RESEARCH RELATED TO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS |
3-4 |
| |
3.2.1 |
Materials Science |
3-5 |
|
3.2.2 |
Chemical Sciences |
3-6 |
|
3.2.3 |
Biotechnology |
3-7 |
|
3.2.4 |
Geosciences |
3-8 |
|
3.2.5 |
Environmental and Ecological Sciences |
3-8 |
|
3.2.6 |
Nuclear Sciences |
3-9 |
|
3.2.7 |
Computational Sciences |
3-9 |
|
3.3 |
CROSSCUTTING TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING GREENHOUSE GAS
REDUCTIONS |
3-10 |
| |
3.3.1 |
Hydrogen and Fuel Cells |
3-10 |
|
3.3.2 |
Electrical Transmission, Distribution, and
Components |
3-11 |
|
3.3.3 |
Sensors and Controls |
3-13 |
|
3.3.4 |
Energy Storage |
3-13 |
|
3.4 |
REFERENCES |
3-14 |
|
4 |
TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION APPROACHES |
4-1 |
| |
4.1 |
INTRODUCTION |
4-1 |
|
4.2 |
APPROACHES |
4-1 |
| |
4.2.1 |
Government Led and Financed Approach |
4-2 |
|
4.2.2 |
Industry Led and Financed Approach |
4-3 |
|
4.2.3 |
Public-Private Strategic Alliances |
4-3 |
|
4.3 |
STRATEGIC ALLIANCE ROLES |
4-5 |
|
4.4 |
CONCLUSION |
4-6 |
|
4.5 |
REFERENCES |
4-7 |
|
5 |
SYNTHESIS AND MOVING FORWARD |
5-1 |
| |
5.1 |
SYNTHESIS |
5-1 |
| |
5.1.1 |
The RD&D Path to Carbon Stabilization |
5-1 |
|
5.1.2 |
Facrots Influencing GHG Reduction Potential |
5-4 |
|
5.1.3 |
The Time-Line of Technology Products |
5-8 |
|
5.1.4 |
Performance Goals |
5-12 |
|
5.1.5 |
Basic and Applied Research Are Needed |
5-12 |
|
5.1.6 |
Collateral Benefits and Costs |
5-13 |
|
5.1.7 |
Research, Development, and Demonstration Resources |
5-14 |
|
5.2 |
MOVING FORWARD |
5-15 |
|
5.3 |
CONCLUSION |
5-16 |
|
5.4 |
REFERENCES |
5-17 |
|
Appendices |
|
A |
Contributors |
A-1 |
|
B |
Technology Pathways
Characterization |
