Preparation of Environmental Analyses for Synfuel and Unconventional Gas Technologies.

Robert M. Reed, Elizabeth L. Etnier, Michael J. Sale, Roger L. Kroodsma,
Martin Scweitzer, Patrick J Mullholland, John Switek, Kathleen M. Oakes
Nancy D. Vaughn, Larry D. Voorhees, R. Dickinson Roop, E. Douglas Waits

1.	Introduction			1
2.	Western Oil Shale (M. J. Sale, E. L. Etinier, M. Schweitzer, and E. D. Waits)
	2.1	Resource Description		3
	2.2	Technology Overview		6
		2.2.1	Mining	9
		2.2.2	Aboveground Retorting	9
		2.2.3	Tue In Situ Retorting	10
		2.2.4	Modified in Situ Retorting	10
		2.2.5	Upgrading and Distribution	11
	2.3	Potentially Significant Issues		11
		2.3.1	Land Use	12
		2.3.2	Air Quality	14
		2.3.3	Water Use	16
		2.3.4	Water Quality	18
		2.3.5	Impacts on Biota	21
		2.3.6	Solid Waste Disposal	22
		2.3.7	Reclamation	24
		2.3.8	Socioeconomics
		2.3.9	Health and Safety	26
	2.4	References		33
3.	Tar Sand (K. M. Oakes, M. J. Sale, N. D. Vaughn, J. Switek, and E. L. Etnier)
	3.1	Resource Description		35
	3.2	Technology Overview		37
		3.2.1	Surface Mining	37
		3.2.2	Separation Processes	38
		3.2.3	Upgrading Processes	40
		3.2.4	In Situ Extraction	41
	3.3	Potentially Significant Issues		43
		3.3.1	Land Use
		3.3.2	Air Quality	45
		3.3.3	Water Use	46
		3.3.4	Water Quality	47
		3.3.5	Impacts on Biota	49
		3.3.6	Noise	50
		3.3.7	Solid Waste Disposal	51
		3.3.8	Reclamation	52
		3.3.9	Socioeconomics	53
		3.3.10	Health and Safety	54
	3.4	References		57
4.	Coal Gasification and Liquefaction (M. J. Sale, R. L. Kroodsma, M. Schweitzer, and E. L. Etnier)			57
	4.1	Resource Description		59
	4.2	Technology Overview		65
		4.2.1	Coal Gasification	65
		4.2.2	Coal Liquefaction	68
		4.2.3	Auxiliary Processes	71
	4.3	Potentially Significant Issues		71
		4.3.1	Land Use	71
		4.3.2	Air Quality	74
		4.3.3	Water Use	76
		4.3.4	Water Quality	79
		4.3.5	Solid Waste Disposal	82
		4.3.6	Impacts on Biota	83
		4.3.7	Socioeconomics	85
		4.3.8	Health and Safety	88
	4.4	References		91
5.	Peat (R. M. Reed, L. D. Voorhees, P. J. Mulholland, and M. Schweitzer)
	5.1	Peatland Resources		97
	5.2	Technology Overview		102
		5.2.1	Peatland Preparation	102
		5.2.2	Harvesting	103
		5.2.3	Dewatering	104
		5.2.4	Use or Conversion	105
		5.2.5	Use or Conversion	105
	5.3	Potentially Significant Issues		112
		5.3.1	Land Use	112
		5.3.2	Air Quality	114
		5.3.3	Hydrology	115
		5.3.4	Water Quality	116
		5.3.6	Solid Waste Disposal	117
		5.3.7	Impacts on Biota	118
		5.3.9	Reclamation	121
		5.3.10	Socioeconomics	122
		5.3.11	Health and Safety	124
	5.4	References		127
Part 2, Pages 133 - 198, has 2.81 MB
6.	Unconventional Gas (K. M. Oakes and E. L. Etnier)
	6.1	Resource Description		133
		6.1.1	Western Tight Gas Sands	133
		6.1.2	Eastern Devonian Gas Shales	136
		6.1.3	Methane from Coal Seams	137
		6.1.4	Methane from Geopressured Aquifers	137
	6.2	Technology Overview		138
		6.2.1	Drilling	138
		6.2.2	Advanced Fracturing Methods	140
		6.2.3	Well Testing	141
		6.2.4	Gas Production	142
		6.2.5	Tight Gas Sands	142
		6.2.6	Devonian Gas Shales	143
		6.2.7	Coal Seam Methane	144
		6.2.8	Methane from Geopressured Aquifers	145
	6.3	Potentially Significant Issues		145
		6.3.1	Land Use	145
		6.3.2	Induced Seismicity and Subsidence	147
		6.3.3	Air Quality	149
		6.3.4	Water Use	150
		6.3.5	Water Quality	151
		6.3.6	Impacts on Biota	155
		6.3.7	Noise	157
		6.3.8	Socioeconomics	157
		6.3.9	Health and Safety	158
	6.4	References		161
7.	Fuel Ethanol (R. D. Roop)
	7.1	Resource Description		165
	7.1	Technology Overview		165
		7.1.1	Alcohol Production Process	168
		7.1.2	Raw Materials	171
		7.1.3	Energy Sources	172
		7.1.4	Economic Factors	173
	7.2	Potentially Significant Issues		174
		7.2.1	Land Use	174
		7.2.2	Atmospheric Emissions	175
		7.2.3	Stillage Use or Disposal	176
		7.2.4	Waste Water Discharges	178
		7.2.5	Socioeconomics	180
		7.2.6	Health and Safety	181
	7.3	References		186