|
Units of Measure |
1 |
|
Abbreviations and Terms |
2 |
|
1.0 |
Introduction |
3 |
|
2.0 |
Methodology |
4 |
|
2.1 |
System Boundaries and Data Availability |
5 |
|
2.2 |
Methodology – Energy Considerations |
9 |
|
2.3 |
Methodology – Comparison with Other Systems |
9 |
|
2.4 |
Methodology – Sensitivity Analysis |
9 |
|
2.5 |
Accounting |
10 |
|
2.6 |
Time Frame and Issues in Assessing Environmental Consequences |
12 |
|
3.0 |
Technoeconomic Analysis |
13 |
|
3.1 |
Biomass Combined Cycle System Description |
16 |
|
3.2 |
Model Description |
16 |
|
3.2.1 |
Wood Preparation and Drying |
17 |
|
3.2.2 |
Gasification |
18 |
|
3.2.3 |
Gas Turbine |
18 |
|
3.2.4 |
General Plant Requirements |
19 |
|
3.3 |
Economic Analysis |
19 |
|
3.3.1 |
Economic Analysis Methodology |
19 |
|
3.3.2 |
Capital Cost Estimates |
20 |
|
3.3.3 |
Overall System Performance |
21 |
|
3.3.4 |
Economic Analysis Results |
21 |
|
4.0 |
Description of Process Blocks Studied in the LCA |
22 |
|
4.1 |
Base Case Feedstock Production Assumptions |
23 |
|
4.1.1 |
Yield Assumptions and Land Requirements |
23 |
|
4.1.2 |
Base Case Fertilization Assumptions |
24 |
|
4.1.3 |
Base Case Herbicide and Pesticide Use |
25 |
|
4.1.4 |
Water Consumption by Biomass Plantation |
27 |
|
4.1.5 |
Biogenic Emissions |
27 |
|
4.1.6 |
Transportation of Farm Chemicals |
27 |
|
4.1.7 |
Plantation Operations |
28 |
|
4.1.8 |
Soil Carbon Sequestration Base Case |
31 |
|
4.2 |
Base Case Biomass Transportation Assumptions |
33 |
|
4.3 |
Base Case Power Plant Construction & Decommissioning Assumptions |
34 |
|
4.4 |
Base Case Power Generation Assumptions |
35 |
|
4.4.1 |
Biomass Storage & Drying |
37 |
|
4.4.2 |
Gasifier/Combustors |
38 |
|
4.4.3 |
Gas Turbine and HRSG |
39 |
|
4.4.4 |
Water Requirements & Treatment |
39 |
|
5.0 |
Base Case Results by Impact Category |
40 |
|
5.1 |
Air Emissions |
44 |
|
5.1.1 |
Carbon Dioxide Emissions |
46 |
|
5.1.2 |
Air Emissions from the Power Plant: Non-Methane Hydrocarbons, NOx, and Sox |
54 |
|
5.1.3 |
Particulate Emissions |
56 |
|
5.1.4 |
Carbon Monoxide Emissions |
56 |
|
5.2 |
Water Emissions |
56 |
|
5.3 |
Energy and Resource Consumption |
56 |
|
5.4 |
Solid Waste |
65 |
|
6.0 |
Results Specific to the Three Major Subsystems |
65 |
|
6.1 |
Base Case Feedstock Production Results |
65 |
|
6.2 |
Base Case Biomass Transportation Results |
72 |
|
6.3 |
Base Case Power Plant Construction & Decommissioning Results |
72 |
|
6.4 |
Base Case Power Generation Results |
78 |
|
|
|
7.0 |
Sensitivity Analysis |
79 |
|
7.1 |
Feedstock Sensitivity Analysis |
84 |
|
7.2 |
Transportation Sensitivity Analysis |
84 |
|
7.2.1 |
Mode of Transportation |
84 |
|
7.2.2 |
Transportation Distance |
88 |
|
7.3 |
Power Plant Construction & Decommissioning Sensitivity Analysis |
88 |
|
7.4 |
Land Filling Versus Recycling Sensitivity Analysis |
89 |
|
7.5 |
Power Generation Sensitivity Analysis |
89 |
|
7.5.1 |
NOx Produced |
89 |
|
7.5.2 |
Power Plant Efficiency |
89 |
|
7.5.3 |
Operating Capacity Factor |
90 |
|
8.0 |
Impact Assessment |
90 |
|
9.0 |
Summary of Results and Discussion |
92 |
|
10.0 |
Future Work |
94 |
|
11.0 |
Related Studies |
94 |
|
12.0 |
Acknowledgements |
96 |
|
13.0 |
References and Pertinent Literature |
97 |
