| ABSTRACT |
iii |
| ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS |
iv |
| TABLE OF CONTENTS |
v |
| LIST OF TABLES |
vi |
| LIST OF FIGURES |
vii |
| EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
x |
| CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION |
1-1 |
|
1.1 |
CONTRACT OBJECTIVES |
1-1 |
|
1.2 |
BACKGROUND |
1-1 |
| |
1.2.1 |
Coal-Based IGCC Systems |
1-1 |
|
1.2.2 |
High-Temperature Desulfurization Systems |
1-3 |
|
1.2.3 |
Sorbent Development |
1-6 |
|
1.2.4 |
Zinc Titanate Chemistry |
1-8 |
|
1.2.5 |
Moving-Bed Applications |
1-9 |
|
1.2.6 |
Fluidized-Bed Applications |
1-9 |
|
1.3 |
PROJECT DESCRIPTION |
1-9 |
| CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES |
2-1 |
|
2.1 |
SORBENT FABRICATION PARAMETERS |
2-1 |
|
2.2 |
CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES |
2-2 |
| |
2.2.1 |
Kinetic Performance |
2-2 |
| |
2.2.1.1 |
TGA Chemical Reactivity |
2-2 |
|
2.2.2 |
Chemical Composition |
2-3 |
|
2.2.3 |
Mechanical Strength |
2-3 |
|
2.2.4 |
Physical Morphology |
2-3 |
| |
2.2.4.1 |
Pore Size Distribution by Mercury Porosimetry |
2-3 |
|
2.2.4.2 |
Sieving |
2-4 |
|
2.3 |
PROVISION OF BENCH-SCALE REACTOR (TASK 3) |
2-4 |
| |
2.3.1.1 |
Bench-Scale Reactor Testing |
2-5 |
| CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION |
3-1 |
|
3.1 |
NEPA REPORT |
3-1 |
|
3.2 |
EVALUATION OF METAL OXIDES AS REGENERABLE SORBENTS |
3-1 |
| |
3.2.1 |
Thermodynamic Calculations |
3-1 |
|
3.2.2 |
Selection of metal oxides for desulfurization |
3-5 |
|
3.3 |
SORBENT PREPARATION AND BENCH REACTOR TESTING |
3-7 |
| |
3.3.1 |
Testing of UCI-GE Zinc Titanate Sorbents |
3-7 |
|
3.3.2 |
Screening of Sorbents Containing Mixed-Metal Oxides |
3-7 |
|
3.3.3 |
Evaluation of Molybdenum-Containing Zinc Titanate
Sorbents |
3-9 |
| |
3.3.3.1 |
Screening of laboratory formulations at GE-CRD |
3-9 |
|
3.3.3.2 |
50-cycle of Bench Test at Research Triangle
Institute |
3-11 |
|
3.3.3.3 |
Pilot Plant Test 8 Results |
3-17 |
|
3.3.3.4 |
Zinc titanate structure determination after
sulfidation/regeneration cycles |
3-20 |
|
3.3.3.5 |
Regeneration of Mo-doped zinc titanate formulations
at higher pressure and higher SO2 concentrations |
3-21 |
|
3.3.4 |
Modified Zinc Titanates (MZT's) with additives |
3-27 |
| |
3.3.4.1 |
Powder MZT Testing |
3-27 |
|
3.3.4.2 |
Pelletized MZT Sorbent Testing |
3-31 |
| |
3.3.4.2.1 |
Mechanical durability of fresh pelletized sorbents |
3-31 |
|
3.3.4.2.2 |
Desulfurization and regeneration characteristics |
3-32 |
|
3.3.4.2.3 |
Sulfate formation during regeneration |
3-36 |
|
3.3.4.2.4 |
Temperature range of desulfurization of single pellets |
3-36 |
|
3.3.4.3 |
CRD bench reactor tests |
3-38 |
| |
3.3.4.3.1 |
Mechanical durability of cycled formulations |
3-43 |
|
3.3.4.3.2 |
Bench-scale extended multicycle tests at GE-CRD |
3-45 |
|
3.3.4.3.3 |
Desulfurization and Regeneration performance at 371°C
(700°F) temperatures |
3-48 |
|
3.3.4.4 |
RTI's Independent Bench Evaluation |
3-51 |
|
3.3.5 |
Evaluation of Chemetals Manganese Oxide Sorbents |
3-54 |
|
3.3.6 |
Evaluation of ICCI-2C Zinc Titanate Sorbent |
3-62 |
|
3.4 |
TASK 5- SORBENT COST ASSESSMENT |
3-68 |
|
3.5 |
TASK 6 - TOPICAL REPORT |
3-71 |
|
3.6 |
TASK 7 - MARKET PLAN |
3-72 |
| CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSIONS |
4-1 |
|
4.1 |
CONCLUSIONS |
4-1 |
|
4.2 |
RECOMMENDATIONS |
4-4 |
