|
1 |
SUMMARY |
1-1 |
| |
Mercury Removal |
1-1 |
| Acid Gas Removal |
1-2 |
| Sulfur Recovery |
1-3 |
| Tail Gas Treating |
1-3 |
| Hot and Warm Gas Cleanup |
1-3 |
| Acid Gas Injection |
1-5 |
| CO2 Removal for Sequestration |
1-5 |
|
2 |
INTRODUCTION |
2-1 |
| |
Background |
2-1 |
| Report Objective |
2-1 |
| Approach to the Task |
2-2 |
|
3 |
EMISSIONS REGULATIONS |
3-1 |
| |
Cleanup Process implications |
3-2 |
| Sulfur Removal |
3-2 |
| Mercury Removal |
3-2 |
|
4 |
IGCC GAS PROCESSING OPTIONS |
4-1 |
| |
Current IGCC Gas Processing |
4-1 |
| Syngas Characteristics and Gas Cleaning |
4-1 |
| AGR Processes Employed Commercially with Gasification |
4-3 |
| Future IGCC Processes |
4-5 |
|
5 |
MERCURY REMOVAL |
5-1 |
| |
Low Temperature Separation |
5-1 |
| Activated Carbon |
5-2 |
| Activated Carbon Bed Design Principles |
5-2 |
| Metal Carbonyls |
5-4 |
| Zeolites |
5-4 |
| Other Methods |
5-7 |
|
6 |
ACID GAS REMOVAL PROCESSES |
6-1 |
| |
Amine Processes |
6-2 |
| Flowsheet and Process Design |
6-2 |
| Performance and Cost Factors |
6-3 |
| Generic Amine Processes |
6-5 |
| MDEA |
6-5 |
| H2S/CO2 Selectivity |
6-5 |
| COS Removal |
6-6 |
| CO2 Removal |
6-7 |
| Degradation of MDEA and its Corrosivity |
6-8 |
| Hindered Amines |
6-9 |
| Physical Solvents |
6-10 |
| Selexol |
6-11 |
| Rectisol |
6-15 |
| Mixed Amine/Physical Solvent Processes |
6-18 |
| Sulfinol |
6-18 |
| FLEXSORB PS and Hybrid FLEXSORB SE |
6-19 |
| General Perceptions of AGR Process Suitability for IGCC |
6-19 |
| AGR Process Selection |
6-20 |
|
7 |
SULFUR RECOVERY PROCESSES |
7-1 |
| |
The Claus Process |
7-1 |
| Claus Plant Sulfur Recovery Efficiency |
7-2 |
| Oxygen-Blown Claus |
7-4 |
| The COPE Process |
7-5 |
| The OxyClaus Process |
7-5 |
| The SURE Process |
7-8 |
| Other Oxygen-Blown Claus Process Services |
7-10 |
| Extended Bed Claus Process |
7-11 |
| Other Sulfur Recovery Process |
7-12 |
| The Selectox Process |
7-13 |
| Wet Oxidation (Redox) Processes - LO-CAT and SulFerox |
7-13 |
|
8 |
TAIL GAS TREATING |
8-1 |
| |
Reduction of Sulfur Compounds via Hydrogenation and Hydrolysis |
8-1 |
| Tail Gas Hydrogenation/Hydrolysis |
8-2 |
| Raw Synthesis Gas Hydrolysis |
8-2 |
| The SCOT Process |
8-3 |
|
9 |
HOT AND WARM GAS CLEANUP |
9-1 |
| |
Drivers for HGCU |
9-1 |
| Waning Interest in HGCU |
9-2 |
| Further Temperature Considerations |
9-3 |
| Mercury Removal |
9-3 |
| "Hot Gas" or "Warm Gas" Cleanup? |
9-3 |
| GT Fuel Control Valves |
9-3 |
| Syngas Conversion to Synthetic Fuels |
9-4 |
| Particulates Removal Experience |
9-4 |
| Hot Desulfurization Demonstration |
9-5 |
| HCl Removal |
9-7 |
| CO2 Mitigation |
9-7 |
| Continuing DOE and EPRI Warm Gas Cleanup Program |
9-7 |
| Outlook |
9-8 |
|
10 |
ACID GAS INJECTION |
10-1 |
|
11 |
CO2 REMOVAL FOR SEQUESTRATION |
11-1 |
|
12 |
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS |
12-1 |
| |
Conventional Cold Gas Cleanup |
12-1 |
| Hot and Warm Gas Cleanup |
12-3 |
|
13 |
REFERENCES |
13-1 |
| |
| LIST OF TABLES |
|
6-1 |
Solubilities of Gases in the Selexol Solvent |
6-12 |
| |
| LIST OF FIGURES |
| 4-1 |
Simplified Flow Diagram of IGCC Meeting Current U.S. EPA
Regulations |
4-2 |
| 4-2 |
Simplified Flow Diagram of IGCC for Potential Future Emission
Regulations |
4-6 |
| 5-1 |
Low Temperature Mercury Separation Process |
5-2 |
| 5-2 |
Pressure Drop through 4-10 Mesh Pittsburgh-Type HGR Carbon |
5-3 |
| 5-3 |
HGSTV Mercury Removal and Recovery System |
5-5 |
| 5-4 |
Integrated Carbon/Zeolite Hg-Removal System |
5-6 |
| 6-1 |
Typical Amine Acid Gas Removal Process |
6-3 |
| 6-2 |
COS vs. CO2 Removal Using new aMDEA Forumulation |
6-7 |
| 6-3 |
The Selexol Process |
6-13 |
| 6-4 |
Flow Diagram of Selexol Process for Acid Gas Removal from
Coal-Derived Synthesis Gas |
6-14 |
| 6-5 |
Absorption Coefficient ~ of Various Gases in Methanol |
6-15 |
| 6-6 |
Rectisol Process Flow Diagram |
6-16 |
| 6-7 |
Flow Diagram of Rectisol Process for Selective Hydrogen Sulfide
Removal, Followed by Carbon Dioxide Removal |
6-17 |
| 7-1 |
Typical Three-Stage Clause Sulfur Plant |
7-2 |
| 7-2 |
Reaction Furnace Temperature |
7-6 |
| 7-3 |
Claus Plant /H2S Removal in IGCC |
7-8 |
| 7-4 |
Process Sketch of SURE Double Combustion Claus Process |
7-9 |
| 7-5 |
Sketch of Multi Pass Waste Heat Boiler with Integral #2 Reaction
Furnace |
7-9 |
| 7-6 |
The Sulfreen Process |
7-12 |
| 7-7 |
Simplified Flow Diagram of LO-CAT Autociruclation Process |
7-15 |
| 8-1 |
The SCOT Process |
8-4 |
| 11-1 |
CO2 Separation Options for IGCC |
11-3 |
