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NOx Solutions for Biodiesel.  Final Report - 2003

McCormick, R. L.
Alvarez, J. R.
Graboski, M. S.

Colorado Institute for Fuels and Engine Research

In this pdf format, this document has 49 pages and is 608kb.

Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
SUMMARY ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES vi
INTRODUCTION 1
METHODS 2
  Fuels and Test Matrix 2
  Task 1. Fuel Quality Testing 2
Task 2. Baseline Regulated Emissions Tests 2
Task 3. Testing Fischer-Tropsch/Biodiesel Blends 2
Task 4. Effectiveness of DTBP Additive in Soy B20 2
Task 5. Effectiveness of DTBP in Other B20 Fuels 2
Task 6. DTBP Effectiveness in Soy B100 3
Task 7. DTBP Effectiveness in Yellow Grease B100 3
Task 8. Additive Testing for USDA Peoria 3
Task 9. Additive Testing for USDA Philidelphia 3
Task 10. Bioclean Fuels A1 Additive 3
Task 11. Bioclean Fuels A1 Additive-Further Tests 3
Task 12. K50 Testing 3
Task 13. Draft Report Preparation 3
Task 14. Final Report 3
Fuel Property Measurement 3
Emissions Testing 4
  Test Engine 4
Regulated Gaseous Emissions Measurement 4
Particle Sampling for Mass 4
Quality Control 5
RESULTS 6
  Base Fuel Properties 6
Certification Fuel Tests and Other Controls 6
Base Fuel Emissions 9
Results for FT Diesel/Soy Diesel Blends 10
Results for DTBP Treated Fuels 13
Results for EHN Treated B20 Blends 18
Testing of USDA Philadelphia Additive 19
Testing of Bioclean Fuels Additive 21
Testing of K50 22
DISCUSSION 25
  Effect of Various NOx Reduction Strategies 25
Use of Cetane Improvers for Biodiesel NOx Reduction 25
Comparisons with 10% Aromatic Diesel 26
Comparison of Soy and YG Biodiesels 26
CONCLUSIONS 28
APPENDIX A: ASTM PS121 SPECIFICATION FOR BIODIESEL FUELS 29
APPENDIX B: ENGINE TORQUE MAP 30
APPENDIX C: EMISSIONS DATA 31
APPENDIX D: REFERENCES 39
 
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. NOx and PM emission results for certification fuel runs performed over the study. All data points represent the average of three or more hot start runs 8
Figure 2. PM and NOx emissions for blends of FT diesel in soy diesel 11
Figure 3. Relationship between DTBP blending level and NOx emissions in B20 (soy + cert) 15
Figure 4. Effect of DTBP blending level on percent NOx reduction for B20 (soy + cert) 15
Figure 5. Comparison of B20 emissions with emissions for 10% aromatic diesel 26
Figure 6. Comparison of emissions for various soy and yellow grease biodiesel fuels 27
 
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Fuels utilized in this study 2
Table 2. DDC Series 60 engine specifications and mapping parameters 4
Table 3. Results of fuel property testing for base fuels 7
Table 4. Results of GC-MS analysis of biodiesel samples for specific species 8
Table 5. Descriptive statistics for daily average NOx emissions from the 1991 DDC Series 60 engine using EPA certification diesel, January campaign 9
Table 6. Descriptive statistics for daily average PM emissions from a 1991 DDC Series 60 engine using EPA certification diesel, january campaign 9
Table 7. Descriptive statistics for daily average NOx emissions from the 1991 DDC Series 60 engine using EPA certification diesel, March campaign 9
Table 8. Descriptive statistics for daily average PM emissions from a 1991 DDC Series 60 engine using EPA certification diesel, March campaign 9
Table 9. Emissions testing results for base fuels 10
Table 10. Fuel property testing results for FT/Soy diesel blends 12
Table 11. Lubricity test results (HFRR) 13
Table 12. Emissions testing results for soy diesel/FT diesel blends. Reported results are the average of at least three hot start runs 13
Table 13. Emissions summary for treatment of B20 (soy + cert) with DTBP, results are averages for three or more hot start runs 14
Table 14. Emissions summary for treatment of various B20 fuels with DTBP (1%), results are averages for three or more hot start runs 16
Table 15. Fuel property testing results for B20 blends 17
Table 16. Emission testing results for B100 fuels with and without DTBP, results are average of 3 or more hot runs 18
Table 17. Emissions testing results for EHN in B20 (soy + cert fuel), results are average of three or more hot start runs 19
Table 18. Results of t-test for significance of difference in emissions for EHN containing fuels (Excel t-test tool, two-sample assuming equal variances) 19
Table 19. Emissions summary results for testing of USDA additives in B20 (soy + cert), results are averages of three or more hot start runs 21
Table 20. Emissions summary for testing of Bioclean Fuels additive A-1, results are average of three or more hot start runs 22
Table 21. Emissions summary for testing of kerosene/soy diesel blends, results are average of three or more hot starts 23
Table 22. Fuel property testing results for kerosene and K50 fuels 24
Table 23. Effect of various fuel additives on NOx reduction for B20 (soy + cert) 25