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Technology Opportunities to Reduce U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions - October 1997

Department of Energy

Table of Contents

Foreword  (96kb)

LIST OF FIGURES

vii

  LIST OF TABLES

ix

ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND INITIALISMS

xi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

xiii

Section 1 (282kb)

1

INTRODUCTION 1-1
   

1.1

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND ENERGY 1-3

1.2

THE ROLE OF THE TECHNOLOGY 1-5

1.3

ABOUT THIS STUDY 1-6

1.4

REFERENCES 1-8

Section 2 (489kb)

2

TECHNOLOGY PATHWAYS 2-1
   

2.1

CARBON LEVELS PRESENT AND FUTURE 2-3

2.2

STUDY METHODOLOGY AND ASSUMPTIONS 2-5

2.3

ENERGY EFFICIENT 2-8
 

2.3.1

Buildings 2-8

2.3.2

Industry 2-12

2.3.3

Transportation 2-16

2.3.4

Agriculture and Forestry 2-20

2.4

CLEAN ENERGY 2-23

2.5

CARBON SEQUESTRATION AND MANAGEMENT 2-41

2.6

REFERENCES 2-44

Section 3 (151kb)

3

BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH CROSSCUTTING TECHNOLOGIES 3-1
   

3.1

RESEARCH TO ADVANCE UNDERSTANDING OF THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE 3-3
 

3.1.1

Global Carbon Cycle Modeling and Measurement 3-3

3.2

BASIC RESEARCH RELATED TO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS 3-4
 

3.2.1

Materials Science 3-5

3.2.2

Chemical Sciences 3-6

3.2.3

Biotechnology 3-7

3.2.4

Geosciences 3-8

3.2.5

Environmental and Ecological Sciences 3-8

3.2.6

Nuclear Sciences 3-9

3.2.7

Computational Sciences 3-9

3.3

CROSSCUTTING TECHNOLOGIES SUPPORTING GREENHOUSE GAS REDUCTIONS 3-10
 

3.3.1

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 3-10

3.3.2

Electrical Transmission, Distribution, and Components 3-11

3.3.3

Sensors and Controls 3-12

3.3.4

Energy Storage 3-13

3.4

REFERENCES 3-14

Section 4 (67kb)

4

TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION APPROACHES 4-1
   

4.1

INTRODUCTION 4-1

4.2

APPROACHES 4-1
 

4.2.1

Government Led and Financed Approach 4-2

4.2.2

Industry Led and Financed Approach 4-3

4.2.3

Public-Private Strategic Alliances 4-3

4.3

STRATEGIC ALLIANCE ROLES 4-5

4.4

CONCLUSION 4-6

4.5

REFERENCES 4-7

Section 5 (595kb)

5

SYNTHESIS AND MOVING FORWARD 5-1
   

5.1

SYNTHESIS 5-1
 

5.1.1

The RD&D Path to Carbon Stabilization 5-1

5.1.2

Factors Influencing GHG Reduction Potential 5-4

5.1.3

The Time-Line of Technology Products 5-8

5.1.4

Performance Goals 5-12

5.1.5

Basic and Applied Research Are Needed 5-12

5.1.6

Collateral Benefits and Costs 5-13

5.1.7

Research, Development, and Demonstration Resources 5-14

5.2

MOVING FORWARD 5-15

5.3

CONCLUSION 5-16

5.4

REFERENCES 5-17

Appendix A. (16kb)

Appendix A

Contributors A-1

Appendix B. (1.38mb)

Appendix B

Technology Pathways Characterization B-1