Executive Summary

ix

1.

Introduction

1

1.1

Background

1

1.2

Quantities of Solid Waste Produced

1

1.3

Study Objectives

2

2.

Review of Environmental Regulations

4

2.1

Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 (PL 95-95)

4

2.2

Federal Water Pollution Control Act (PL 92-500) As Amended By the Clean Water Act (PL 95-217)

6

2.3

Safe Drinking Water Act (PL 93-523) and Underground Injection Control Act (PL 95-150)

6

2.4

Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (PL 95-87)

7

2.5

Toxic Substances Control Act (PL 94-409)

7

2.6

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (PL 94-580)

9

2.6.1

Resource Conservation and Energy Recovery

9

2.6.2

Criteria for Defining Hazardous Wastes

10

2.6.3

Treating and Analysis Procedures

16

2.6.4

Solid Waste Disposal Requirements

17

2.6.5

Hazardous Waste Disposal Requirements

25

2.6.6

Future Options

32

3.

Sources and Nature of Energy Related Solid Wastes

33

3.1

Solid Wastes Associated with Coal Utilization

33

3.1.1

Coal Ash and Char

35

3.1.2

Inorganic Solids and Sludges

47

3.1.3

Tars and Oil Sludges

56

3.1.4

Biosludges

58

3.1.5

Spent Catalysts

60

3.1.6

Coal Cleaning Wastes

60

3.2

Solid Wastes Associated with Oil Shale Processing

63

3.2.1

Raw Shale Fires

63

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3.2.2

Retorted Shales

63

3.2.3

Other Shale Derived Wastes

65

3.2.4

Nonshale Solid Wastes

67

3.3

Solid Wastes Associated with Other Energy Technologies

68

3.3.1

Geothermal Technologies

68

3.3.2

Oil and Gas Extraction

71

3.3.3

Tar Sands

72

3.3.4

Nuclear Power Generation

74

4.

Hazard Characteristics

79

4.1

Coal Utilization

79

4.1.1

Ash from Coal Combustion

79

4.1.2

Ash and Char from Coal Conversion

85

4.1.3

FBC Spent Solids

97

4.1.4

Sludges from Chemical Treatment of Process Wastewater

99

4.1.5

Tars and Oil Sludges

99

4.1.6

Biosludges

102

4.2

Oil Shale Processing Wastes

104

5.

Problems Associated With Hazardous Waste Storage and Disposal

113

5.1

Disposal Options

113

5.1.1

Ponding

113

5.1.2

Landfill

114

5.1.3

Mine Disposal

115

5.1.4

Ocean Disposal

116

5.1.5

Deep Well Disposal

116

5.1.6

Soil Application

116

5.1.7

Incineration

117

5.1.8

Chemical Treatment

117

5.2

Long-Term Environmental Problems

118

5.2.1

Deterioration of Landfill Covers

118

5.2.2

Limited Soil Attenuation Capacity

119

5.2.3

Long-Term Reliability of Impervious Liners

120

6.

Solid Waste Utilization

122

6.1

Building Material

122

6.1.1

Ash from Conventional Boilers

122

6.1.2

FGD Sludges

123

6.1.3

Fluidized Bed Material

123

6.1.4

Other Solid Wastes

124

6.2

Road Construction Material

124

6.2.1

Ash

124

6.2.2

FGD Sludge

124

6.2.3

Fluidized Bed Material

125

6.2.4

Other Solid Wastes

125

6.3

Agricultural Use

125

6.2.1

FGD Wastes

125

6.2.2

Fluidized Bed Material

125

6.4

Environmental Impacts

126

6.5

Extent of Utilization

126

7.

Characterization of Selected Hazardous Wastes from the Industrial Sector

129

7.1

Coke Industry

130

7.1.1

Industrial Profile and Process Description

130

7.1.2

Hazardous Properties of the Wastes

131

7.2

Petroleum Refining Industry

132

7.2.1

APE Separator Wastes

133

7.2.2

Dissolved Air Flotation Float

134

7.2.3

Slop Oil Emulsion

135

7.2.4

Heat Exchanger Bundle Cleaning Wastes

135

7.2.5

Tank Bottoms

135

7.2.6

Biosludges

136

7.2.7

Spent Catalysts

137

7.3

Electroplating and Metal Finishing Industries

137

7.3.1

Process Description

138

7.3.2

Waste Stream Description

138

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7.4

Creosote Production Industry

139

7.4.1

Process Description

140

7.4.2

Hazardous Components of the Waste

140

7.5

Wood Preserving Industry

141

7.5.1

Industry Profile

142

7.5.2

Process Description

142

7.5.3

Hazardous Waste Constituents

143

7.6

Phenol/Acetone Production Industry

144

7.6.1

Process Description

144

7.6.2

Hazardous Properties of the Wastes

145

7.7

Secondary Lead Smelting Industry

145

7.7.1

Process Description

146

7.7.2

Hazardous Waste Constituents

147

7.8

Primary Zinc Smelting and Refining Industry

147

7.8.1

Process Description

147

7.8.2

Hazardous Properties of Waste

148

8.

References

150