Well to Wheel Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle Systems Volumes 1, 2, and 3

Well to Wheel Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle Systems Volumes 1, 2, and 3 - 2001

General Motors Corporation

Table of Contents

Volume 1 245kb
Preface			iii
Notation			xi
Part 1: Well-to-Tank Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Transportation Fuels			1
	ES-1.1	Introduction	1
	ES-1.2	Methodology	1
	ES-1.3	Results	4
	ES-1.4	Conclusions	11
Part 2: Tank-to-Wheel Energy Use for a North American Vehicle			13
	ES-2.1	Introduction	13
	ES-2.2	Methodology	13
	ES-2.3	Results	15
	ES-2.4	Conclusions	17
Part 3: Well-to-Wheel Fuel/Vehicle Pathway Integration			19
	ES-3.1	Introduction	19
	ES-3.2	Methodology	19
	ES-3.3	Results	24
	ES-3.4	Conclusions	30

Volume 2 466kb
Preface					iii
Notation					xv
Part 1: Well-to-Tank Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Transportation Fuels
	1.1	Introduction			1-1
	1.2	Methodology			1-1
		1.2.1	Fuels and Production Pathways		1-2
			1.2.1.1	Petroleum-Based Fuels	1-2
			1.2.1.2	Natural-Gas-Based Fuels	1-3
			1.2.1.3	Bio-Ethanol Options	1-8
			1.2.1.4	Electricity Generation	1-8
			1.2.1.5	Hydrogen Production via Electrolysis	1-9
		1.2.2	Probability Distribution Functions for Key Parameters		1-9
		1.2.3	Transportation of Feedstocks and Fuels		1-9
	1.3	Results			1-13
		1.3.1	Total Energy Use		1-16
		1.3.2	Fossil Energy Use		1-16
		1.3.3	Petroleum Use		1-17
		1.3.4	Greenhouse Gas Emissions		1-17
	1.4	Conclusions			1-22
	1.5	Acknowledgments			1-22
Part 2: Tank-to-Wheel Energy Utilization for a North American Vehicle
	2.1	Introduction			2-1
	2.2	Methodology			2-1
		2.2.1	Vehicle Architectures		2-4
		2.2.2	Vehicle Criteria		2-8
			2.2.2.1	Performance Targets	2-8
			2.2.2.2	Emissions Targets	2-8
			2.2.2.3	Vehicle Simulation Model Input Data	2-9
		2.3	Results		2-10
		2.4	Conclusions		2-11
		2.5	Acknowledgments		2-12
		2.6	References		2-12
Part 3: Well-to-Wheel Fuel/Vehicle Pathway Integration
	3.1	Introduction			3-1
	3.2	Methodology			3-1
		3.2.1	Part A: Selection of Well-to-Tank Pathways		3-1
			3.2.1.1	Resource Availability	3-1
			3.2.1.2	Energy Efficiency	3-6
		3.2.2	Part B: Well-to-Wheel Integration		3-8
			3.2.2.1	Well-to-Tank (Part 1)	3-8
			3.2.2.2	Tank-to-Wheel (Part 2)	3-8
			3.2.2.3	Well-to-Wheel (Part 3)	3-10
	3.3	Results			3-10
		3.3.1	Conventional and Hybrid Fuel/Vehicle Pathways		3-11
		3.3.2	Fuel/Hybrid and Non-Hybrid FCV Pathways		3-13
	3.4	Conclusions			3-18
		3.4.1	Energy Use		3-18
		3.4.2	Greenhouse Gas Emissions		3-18
		3.4.3	Integrated Energy Use/GHG Emissions Results		3-20
	3.5	References			3-21
Appendixes to Part 3
Appendix 3A: CO2 Content of Fuels					3-23
Appendix 3B: Energy Loss Split Calculation					3-25
Appendix 3C: Data Used to Prepare Figures 3.4 through 3.15					3-29

Volume 3 1,336kb
Notation				xi
1	Introduction			1
2	The GREET Model			3
3	Fuels and Fuel Production Pathways Included in This Study			5
	3.1	Gasoline, Diesel, and Naptha from Petroleum		5
		3.1.1	Gasoline Requirements	5
		3.1.2	Diesel Requirements	7
		3.1.3	Crude Naptha	7
		3.1.4	Quality of Crude Oil	9
		3.1.5	Energy Efficiency Assumptions for Production of Gasoline, Diesel, and Naptha	10
	3.2	Fuels Produced from Natural Gas		16
		3.2.1	Natural-Gas-Based Fuel Pathways	16
		3.2.2	Key NG Upstream Stages	22
	3.3	Bio-Ethanol Production Options		29
		3.3.1	Bio-Ethanol	30
		3.3.2	Parametric Assumptions	31
	3.4	Electricity Generation		32
		3.4.1	Electricity Generation Pathways	32
		3.4.2	Electricity Generation Efficiencies	33
	3.5	Hydrogen Production via Electrolysis at Refueling Stations		34
		3.5.1	Pathway Definitions	34
		3.5.2	Efficiencies of Electrolysis	35
4	Development of Probability Distribution Functions for Key Parameters			37
	4.1	Assignment of Uncertainty Levels		37
		4.1.1	Petroleum-Based Fuel Pathways	37
		4.1.2	Natural-Gas-Based Fuels	38
		4.1.3	Bio-Ethanol Pathways	39
		4.1.4	Electricity Generation	39
	4.2	Electricity to Hydrogen via Electrolysis		40
	4.3	Determination of Probability Distribution Functions		40
		4.3.1	Petroleum-Based Fuel Pathways	40
		4.3.2	Natural-Gas-Based Fuels	41
		4.3.3	Bio-Ethanol Pathways	42
	4.4	Electricity Generation		42
	4.5	Electricity to Hydrogen via Electrolysis		44
5	Transportation of Feedstocks and Fuels			45
	5.1	Methodology		45
	5.2	Assumptions		46
		5.2.1	Crude Oil	46
		5.2.2	Gasoline and Diesel	47
		5.2.3	Methanol	47
		5.2.4	Liquefied Natural Gas	49
		5.2.5	Fischer-Tropsch Diesel and Naphtha	49
		5.2.6	Liquid Hydrogen	50
		5.2.7	Ethanol	50
		5.2.8	Natural Gas and Gaseous Hydrogen	50
		5.2.9	Electricity Transmission	51
		5.2.10	Input Energy Efficiencies for Feedstock and Fuel Transportation	51
6	Results: Well-To-Tank Energy Use and Emissions			53
	6.1	Total Energy Use		55
	6.2	Well-to-Tank Energy Efficiencies		58
	6.3	Fossil Energy Use		58
	6.4	Petroleum Use		61
	6.5	Greenhouse Gas Emissions		61
7	Conclusions			65
8	Acknowledgements			67
9	References			69
Appendix A:			Probability Distribution Functions for Key Well-to-Tank Input Parameter 302kb	A-1
Appendix B:			Complete Well-to-Tank Results 220kb	B-1