Acknowledgement |
iii |
List of Figures |
vi |
List of Tables |
viii |
Abstract |
x |
Introduction |
1 |
Literature Review |
4 |
Effect of Experimental Variables on Yield of Extract for
Conventional Extraction Process |
4 |
Extraction Time |
4 |
Temperature |
5 |
Particle Size of Coal |
5 |
Moisture and Atmospheric Oxygen |
6 |
Pretreatment of the Coal |
6 |
Nature of the Solvent |
6 |
Physical Properties of the Solvent |
6 |
Chemical Structure of Solvent |
7 |
Rank of Coal |
7 |
Solvents of the Benzene Type |
7 |
Solvents of the Pyridine Type |
8 |
Extraction Products |
8 |
The Effect of Ultrasonic Irradiation on Extraction of Coal |
9 |
Mechanism and Models Proposed for Coal Extraction |
19 |
Experimental Procedure and Results |
23 |
Coal Preparation |
23 |
Sample Preparation |
24 |
Solvent Preparation |
24 |
Extraction Apparatus |
24 |
Determination of Optimum Coal to Solvent Ratio |
26 |
Experimental Procedure |
26 |
Preliminary Experiments |
29 |
Decomposition of Tetralin |
29 |
Blank Tests on Benzene |
30 |
Blank Tests on Trichloroethylene |
30 |
Blank Tests on Benzene and Trichloroethylene |
31 |
Blank Tests on Tetralin |
31 |
Precipitation Tests on Extract |
31 |
Coal Extraction by Tetralin without Ultrasonic Irradiation |
32 |
Coal Extraction by Tetralin with Ultrasonic Irradation |
33 |
|
Discussion of Results |
34 |
|
Analysis of Experimental Data |
34 |
Proposed Mechanism for Extraction of Coal with Ultrasonic
Irradiation |
41 |
Comparison of Experimental Results with and without an
Ultrasonic Irradiation |
57 |
|
Rate and Yield |
59 |
Infrared Spectra |
61 |
|
Conclusions |
68 |
Bibliography |
70 |
Nomenclature |
74 |
Research Proposal |
76 |
Appendix |
80 |
VITA |
101 |