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Refinement of Selected Fuel-Cycle Emissions Analyses - 2000

Unnasch, Stefan
Browning. Louis

Arthur D. Little, Inc

In the pdf format this document has 107 pages and is 361kb

Table of Contents

1.0

 Introduction 1
  1.1 Background 1
1.2 Project Objectives 3
1.3 Project Approach 3
1.4 Report Scope 4
1.5 Report Organization 7

2.0

 Fuel and Feedstock Properties and Compositions 8
 

2.1

 Fuel Composition and Properties  9
  2.1.1 Diesel 9
2.1.2 LPG 10
2.1.3 Synthetic Diesel 10
2.1.4 M100 11

2.2

 Feedstocks 12
  2.2.1 Crude Oil 12
2.2.2 Natural Gas 12
2.2.3 Landfill Gas and Digester Gas 13
2.2.4 Biomass 14

2.3

 Electric and Steam Energy 14

3.0

 Definition of Fuel Cycles 16
 

3.1

 Scenarios 16

3.2

 Information Organization 17
  3.2.1 Fuel Production Phases 17
3.2.2 Geographic Distribution 17
3.3 Marginal Emissions 18
3.4 Petroleum Fuels 20
  3.4.1 Crude Oil Extraction 20
3.4.2 Crude Oil Transport 21
3.4.3 Oil Refining 22
3.4.4 Diesel Storage and Distribution 23
3.4.5 LPG Storage and Distribution 24

3.5

 LPG from Natural Gas 24

3.6

 Fuels from Remote Natural Gas 24
  3.6.1 Remote Natural Gas Production and Transportation 26
3.6.2 Synthetic Diesel Fuel Production 27
3.6.3 Methanol Production from Natural Gas 28

3.7

 Methanol from Biomass 28
  3.7.1 Flared LFG 30
3.7.2 Electric Power from LFG 30

4.0

 Emissions from Fuel Production and Distribution Processes 32
 

4.1

 Fuel Extraction, Transportation, and Processing Equipment 33
  4.1.1 Engine Emissions 33
4.1.2 Biomass Collection Equipment 37
4.1.3 Truck Emmissions 39
4.1.4 Marine Vessel Emissions 40
4.2 Refinery Emissions 43
4.3 LPG Processing from Natural Gas 47
4.4 Synthetic Diesel Production 47
4.5 Methanol Production from Natural Gas 51

4.5.2

 Methanol 51
4.6 Methanol Production from Landfill Gas 53
4.7 Methanol Production from Biomass Gasification 53
4.8 Electric Power Generation 54
  4.8.1 Power Generation Emissions 57
4.8.2 Electricity Distribution 60

4.9

 Fuel Storage and Distribution 60
  4.9.1 Liquid Fuel Storage and Distribution 60
4.9.2 LPG Distribution 68
4.9.3 Natural Gas Transmission and Distribution 70

4.10

 Toxic Emissions 70

5.0

 Fuel Economy 75
  5.1 Fuel Economy and Data and Projections 75
5.2 Effect of Vehicle Stock Mix 77
5.3 Estimating the Fuel Economy of the Alternative Vehicle 78
  5.3.1 Baseline Gasoline Vehicles 79
5.3.2 Diesel Vehicles 79
5.3.3 LPG Vehicles 80
5.3.4 Fuel Cell Vehicles 80
5.3.5 Electric Vehicles 81

5.4

 Fuel Economy Cases 82
6.0 Emission Calculations 84
7.0 Conclusions 92

7.1

 Emission Policy Considerations 92
References 94