Return to DOE Report Table of Contents

Comparison of Transport Fuels Final Report to the Australian Greenhouse Office - 2002

Beer, Tom
Grant, Tim
Morgan, Geoff
Lapszewicz, Lack
Anyon, Peter
Edwards, Jim
Nelson, Peter
Watson, Harry
Williams, David

University of Melbourne
and
Parsons Australia Pty Ltd

Table of Contents 121kb

Section 1
76kb		 Acronyms ix
Glossary of Terms xii
Executive Summary xv
Part 1
Section 2
139kb

1

 Background 1
  1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Life-Cycle Analysis (LCA) 2
1.3 Structure of the Report 7
1.4 Sources of Quantitative Information 9
1.5 Emissions from Diesel Engines 10
1.6 Greenhouse Gases and Other Emissions 11

2

 Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel Summary 15
  2.1 Background 15
2.2 Results 15
2.3 Viability and Functionality 18
2.4 Health Effects 18
2.5 Environmental Issues 19
2.6 ADR Compliance 19
2.7 Summary 19

3

 Fischer-Tropsch Diesel 21
  3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Results 21
3.3 Viability and Functionality 24
3.4 Health Issues 24
3.5 Environmental Impact and Benefits 24
3.6 ADR Compliance 24
3.7 Summary 27
Section 3
168kb

4

 Biodiesel 27
  4.1 Introduction 27
4.2 Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis of Emissions 27
4.3 Viability, Functionality and Health Issues 30
4.4 Environmental Issues 30
4.5 ADR Compliance 31
4.6 Summary 31

5

 Canola 33
  5.1 Background 33
5.2 Results 33
5.3 Viability and Functionality 33
5.4 Health Issues 33
5.5 Environmental Impact and Benefits 33

6

 Hydrated Ethanol 35
  6.1 Background 35
6.2 Results 35
6.3 Viability and Functionality 38
6.4 Health and OH&S 38
6.5 Environmental Issues 39
6.6 Expected Future Emissions 39
6.7 Summary 40

7

 Diesohol 41
  7.1 Background 41
7.2 Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis of Emissions 41
7.3 Viability and Functionality 44
7.4 Health and OH&S 44
7.5 Environmental issues 44
7.6 ADR Compliance 45
7.7 Summary 45

8

 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) 47
  8.1 Background 47
8.2 Results 47
8.3 Viability and Functionality 50
8.4 Health Issues 51
8.5 Environmental Impact and Benefit 51
8.6 ADR Compliance 51
8.7 Summary 51

9

 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) 53
  9.1 Background 53
9.2 Results 53
9.3 Viability and Functionality 56
9.4 Health Issues 56
9.5 Environmental Impact and Benefit 56
9.6 ADR Compliance 57
9.7 Summary 57
Section 4
140kb

10

 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - Autogas 59
  10.1 Background 59
10.2 Full Fuel Cycle Results 59
10.3 Viability and Functionality 62
10.4 Health Issues 63
10.5 Environmental Issues 63
10.6 ADR Compliance 63
10.7 Summary 63

11

 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) - HD5 65
  11.1 Background 65
11.2 Results 65
11.3 Viability and Functionality 68
11.4 Health Issues 69
11.5 Environmental Issues 69
11.6 ADR Compliance 69
11.7 Summary 70

12

 Premium Unleaded Petrol Summary 71
  12.1 Introduction 71
12.2 Results 71
12.3 Viability and Functionality 71
12.4 Health Issues 71
12.5 Environmental Impact and Benefits 71

13

 Anhydrous Ethanol 73
  13.1 Background 73
13.2 Results 73
13.3 Viability and Functionality 76
13.4 Health and OH&S 76
13.5 Environmental Issues 76
13.6 Expected Future Emissions 77
13.7 Summary 77

14

 Petrohol 79
  14.1 Background 79
14.2 Results 79
14.4 Viability and Functionality 82
14.4 Health and OH&S 82
14.5 Environmental Issues 83
14.6 ADR Compliance 83
14.7 Summary 83

15

 Hydrogen 85
  15.1 Introduction 85
15.2 Full Fuel Cycle Analysis Results 85
15.3 Viability and Functionality 88
15.4 Health Issues 88
15.5 Environmental Impact and Benefits 88

Part 2
Section 5
783kb

1

 Low Sulfur Diesel 89
  1.1 Diesel National Environment Protection Measures 89
1.2 Diesel Fuel and the Diesel Engine 89
1.3 Upstream and Tailpipe Emissions 90
1.4 Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis of LSD Emissions 97
1.5 Viability and Functionality 101
1.6 Health and OHS 102
1.7 Environment Impact 103
1.8 Process trees 104

2

 Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel 107
  2.1 Background 107
2.2 Upstream and Tailpipe Emissions 108
2.3 Results 115
2.4 Viability and Functionality 121
2.5 Health Effects 122
2.6 OHS Issues 123
2.7 Vapour Pressure Issues 123
2.8 Summary 123
2.9 Environmental Issues 123
Section 6
86kb

3

 Fischer-Tropsch Diesel 125
  3.1 Introduction 125
3.2 Full Fuel Cycle Analysis 126
3.3 Results 130
3.4 Emissions per unit distance travelled 132
3.5 Viability and functionality 135
3.6 Health Issues 136
3.7 Use 136
3.8 OHS Issues 136
3.9 Vapour Pressure Issues 137
3.10 Summary 137
3.11 Environmental Impact and Benefits 137
3.12 ADR Compliance 137
Section 7
345kb

4

 Biodiesel 139
  4.1 Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils 139
4.2 Biodiesel 139
4.3 National Standardisation of Biodiesel 141
4.4 Tailpipe Emissions 142
4.5 Comparison of Tailpipe Emissions 144
4.6 Upstream Emissions of Canola and Rapeseed 145
4.7 Soybean 155
4.8 Tallow 158
4.9 Recycled Waste Cooking Oil 160
4.10 European Work 161
4.11 By-Products 162
4.12 Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis of Emissions 162
4.13 Viability, Functionality and Health Issues 184
4.14 Environmental Issues 190
4.15 Expected Future Emissions 191
Section 8
293kb

5

 Canola 193
  5.1 Background 193
5.2 Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis 193
5.3 Viability and Functionality 193
5.4 Health Issues 194
5.5 Environmental Impact and Benefits 196

6

 Hydrogenated Ethanol 197
  6.1 Background 197
6.2 Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis 202
6.3 Results 210
6.4 Viability and Functionality 221
6.5 Health and OHS 223
6.6 OHS Issues 224
6.7 Vapour Pressure Issues 225
6.8 Environmental Issues 225
6.9 Expected Future Emissions 225
6.10 Summary 226
Section 9
393kb

7

 Diesohol 227
  7.1 Background 227
7.2 Characteristics of Diesohol 228
7.3 Production and Distribution 228
7.4 Diesohol Emissions 232
7.5 Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis of Emissions 234
7.6 Viability and Functionality 241
7.7 Health and OHS 242
7.8 Environmental Issues 244
7.9 Expected Future Emissions 244
7.10 Summary 245
7.11 Appendix to Diesohol Fuel Chapter 245

8

 Compressed Natural Gas 247
  8.1 Background 247
8.2 Full Fuel Cycle 249
8.3 Results 259
8.4 Viability and Functionality 268
8.5 CNG conversions 271
8.6 Health Issues 271
8.7 OHS Issues 272
8.8 Vapour Pressure Issues 272
8.9 Environmental Impact and Benefit 273
8.10 Expected Future Emissions 273
8.11 Summary 273
Section 10
457kb

9

 Liquefied Natural Gas 275
  9.1 Background 275
9.2 Full Fuel-Cycle 276
9.3 Results 284
9.4 Viability and Functionality 287
9.5 Health Issues 289
9.6 OHS Issues 290
9.7 Vapour Pressure Issues 290
9.8 Environmental Impact and Benefit 290
9.9 Expected Future Emissions 291
9.10 Summary 291

10

 Liquefied Petroleum Gas - Autogas 293
  10.1 Background 293
10.2 Exbodied Emissions 295
10.3 Results 298
10.4 Viability and Functionality 304
10.5 Health Issues 305
10.6 Environmental Issues 307
10.7 Expected Future Emissions 307
10.8 Summary 308

11

 Liquefied Petroleum Has - HD5 309
  11.1 Background 309
11.2 Exbodied Emissions 312
11.3 Results 313
11.4 Dual fuel and converted vehicles 319
11.5 Viability and Functionality 321
11.6 Health Effects 321
11.7 Environmental Issues 322
11.8 Expected Future Emissions 323
11.9 Summary 323
Section 11
568kb

12

 Premium Unleaded Petrol 325
  12.1 Introduction 325
12.2 Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis 325
12.3 Results 327
12.4 Viability and Functionality 332
12.5 Health Issues 333
12.6 OHS Issues 334
12.7 Vapour Pressure Issues 334
12.8 Environmental Impact and Benefits 334

13

 Anhydrous Ethanol 337
  13.1 Background 337
13.2 Full Fuel-Cycle Emissions 337
13.3 Results 338
13.4 Viability and Functionality 343
13.5 Health and OHS 343
13.6 Environmental Issues 343
13.7 Expected Future Emissions 343
13.8 Summary 344

14

 Petrohol 345
  14.1 Background 345
14.2 Full Fuel-Cycle Emissions 345
14.3 Results 346
14.4 Viability and Functionality 351
14.5 Health 353
14.6 OHS Issues 354
14.7 Vapour Pressure Issues 354
14.8 Environmental Issues 355
14.9 Expected Future Emissions 356
14.10 Summary 356
15. Hydrogen 357
  15.1 Introduction 357
15.2 Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis 358
15.3 Results 326
15.4 Viability and Functionality 365
15.5 Health Issues 367
15.6 OHS Issues 368
15.7 Vapour Pressure Issues 369
15.8 Environmental Impact and Benefits 369
Part 3
Section 12
214kb

1

 Weighting Methodologies for Emissions from Transport Fuels 371
  1.1 Introduction 371
1.2 Background 371
1.3 Greenhouse Gases 372
1.4 Air Quality 372
1.5 Air Toxics 377
1.6 ADR and Fuel Quality Review Method 379
1.7 Discussion 381

2

 Modelling Emission Standards and Driving Conditions 383
  2.1 Modelling the Influence of Future Emission Standards 383
2.2 Modelling the Influence of Driving Conditions 393
2.3 Vehicle Data 394

3

 References 403
Appendices
Section 13
670kb

1

 Terms of reference 419

2

 The GREET model and the SIMAPRO model 427

3

 Uncertainty Analysi 431

4

 Stakeholder Consultation 433

5

 Emissions per tonne-kilometre and per passenger-kilometre 437

6

 Diesohol information 449

7

 Euro Standards 457

8

 Carbon dioxide emission factors 461

9

 Nitrogen emissions from vehicles 463