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U.S. Climate Change Technology Program: Technology Options For the Near and Long Term - 2003

U. S. Department of Energy

Table of Contents (1.3MB)

1.0   REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY END USE AND INFRASTRUCTURE (2.9MB)

1.1

Transportation
  1.1.1 Light Vehicles - Hybrids, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles 1
1.1.2 Heavy Vehicles 4
1.1.3 Alternative-Fueled Vehicles 7
1.1.4 Intelligent Transportation Systems Infrastructure 10
1.1.5 Aviation 13
1.1.6 Transit Buses - Urban Duty Cycle, Heavy Vehicles 16

1.2

Buildings

 
  1.2.1 Building Equipment, Appliances, and Lighting 19
1.2.2 Building Envelope (Insulation, Walls, Roof) 22
1.2.3 Intelligent Building Systems 25
1.2.4 Urban Heat Island Technologies 28

1.3

Infrastructure

 
  1.3.1 High-Temperature Superconductivity 31
1.3.2 Transmission and Distribution Technologies 34
1.3.3 Distributed Generation and Combined Heat and Power 36
1.3.4 Energy Storage 39
1.3.5 Sensors, Controls, and Communications 42
1.3.6 Power Electronics 45

1.4

Industry

 
  1.4.1 Energy Conversion and Utilization 48
1.4.2 Resource Recovery and Utilization 51
1.4.3 Industrial Process Efficiency 54
1.4.4 Enabling Technologies for Industrial Processes 57

2.0   REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY SUPPLY (2.66MB)

2.1

Low Emissions Fossil-Based Power and Fuels

  2.1.1 Zero-Emission Power, Hydrogen, and Other Value-Added Products 60
2.1.2 High-Efficiency Coal/Solid Feedstock 63
2.1.3 High-Efficiency Gas Fuel Cell/Hybrid Power Systems 66

2.2

Hydrogen

 
  2.2.1 Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Fission and Fusion 69
2.2.2 Integrated Hydrogen Energy Systems 71
2.2.3 Hydrogen Production 74
2.2.4 Hydrogen Storage and Distribution 77
2.2.5 Hydrogen Use 79
2.2.6 Hydrogen Infrastructure Safety R&D 82

2.3

Renewable Energy and Fuels

  2.3.1 Wind Energy 84
2.3.2 Solar Photovoltaic Power 87
2.3.3 Solar Buildings 90
2.3.4 Concentrating Solar Power 93
2.3.5 Biochemical Conversion of Biomass 95
2.3.6 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass 98
2.3.7 Biomass Residues 101
2.3.8 Energy Crops 103
2.3.9 Photoconversion 105
2.3.10 Advanced Hydropower 108
2.3.11 Geothermal Energy 110

2.4

Nuclear Fission
  2.4.1 Existing Plant Research and Development 112
2.4.2 Next-Generation Fission Energy Systems 114
2.4.3 Near-Term Nuclear Power Plant Systems 116
2.4.4 Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycle Processes 118

2.5

Nuclear Fusion

 
  2.5.1 Fusion Power 120

3.0   CAPTURING AND SEQUESTERING CARBON DIOXIDE (696kb)

3.1

Geologic Sequestration
  3.1.1 CO2 Capture and Separation 122
3.1.2 CO2 Storage in Geologic Formations 124
3.1.3 Novel Sequestration Systems 127
3.2 Terrestrial Sequestration
  3.2.1

Land Management

128
  3.2.1.1 Cropland Management and Precision Agriculture 128
3.2.1.2 Converting Croplands to Reserves and Buffers 130
3.2.1.3 Advanced Forest and Wood Products Managements 131
3.2.1.4 Grazing Management 133
3.2.1.5 Restoration of Degraded Rangelands 135
3.2.1.6 Wetland Restoration Management and Carbon Sequestration 137
3.2.1.7 Carbon Sequestration on Reclaimed Mined Lands 139
3.2.2 Biotechnology 140
  3.2.2.1 Biotechnology and Soil Carbon 140
3.2.3 Improved Measurement and Monitoring 142
  3.2.3.1 Terrestrial Sensors, Measurements, and Modeling 142
3.2.3.2 Measuring and Monitoring Systems for Forests 144
3.3 Ocean Sequestration
  3.3.1

Ocean Sequestration - Direct Injection

146
3.3.2 Ocean Sequestration - Iron Fertilization 148
4.0   REDUCING POTENTIAL FOR CLIMATE EFFECTS OF NON-CO2 GREENHOUSE GASES (2.51MB)
4.1 Methane Emissions from Energy Waste
  4.1.1 Anaerobic and Aerobic Bioreactor Landfills 150
4.1.2 Conversion of Landfill Gas to Alternative Uses 153
4.1.3 Electricity Generation Technologies for Landfill Gas 156
4.1.4 Advances in Coal Mine Ventilation Air Systems 159
4.1.5 Advances in Coal Mine Methane Recovery Systems 162
4.1.6 Measurement and Monitoring Technology for Natural Gas Systems 165
4.2 Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agriculture
  4.2.1 Advanced Agricultural Systems for N2O Emission Reduction 167
4.2.2 Methane Reduction Options for Manure Management 170
4.2.3 Advanced Agricultural Systems for Enteric Emissions Reduction 173
4.3 Emissions of High Global-Warming Potential Gases
  4.3.1 Semiconductor Industry: Abatement Technologies 176
4.3.2 Semiconductor Industry: Substitutes for High GWP Gases 179
4.3.3 Semiconductors and Magnesium: Recovery and Recycle 181
4.3.4 Aluminum Industry: Perfluorocarbon Emissions 183
4.3.5 Electric Power Systems and Magnesium: Substitutes for SF6 185
4.3.6 Supermarket Refrigeration: Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions 187
4.4

Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Combustion and Industrial Sources

  4.4.1 Nitrous Oxide Abatement Technologies for Nitric Acid Production 189
4.4.2 Nitrous Oxide Abatement Technologies for Transportation 191
4.5 Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors and Black Carbon
  4.5.1 Abatement Technologies for Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors and Black Carbon 193
5.0    ENHANCING CAPABILITIES TO MEASURE AND MONITOR EMISSIONS (1.31MB)
5.1 Hierarchical MM Observation System 196
5.2 MM for Energy Efficiency 199
5.3 MM for Geologic Carbon Sequestration 201
5.4 MM for Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration 204
5.5 MM for Ocean Carbon Sequestration 206
5.6 MM for Other GHG 208