U.S. Climate Change Technology Program: Technology Options For the Near and Long Term

U.S. Climate Change Technology Program: Technology Options For the Near and Long Term - 2003

1.0 REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY END USE AND INFRASTRUCTURE (2.9MB)
1.1	Transportation
	1.1.1	Light Vehicles - Hybrids, Electric, and Fuel Cell Vehicles		1
	1.1.2	Heavy Vehicles		4
	1.1.3	Alternative-Fueled Vehicles		7
	1.1.4	Intelligent Transportation Systems Infrastructure		10
	1.1.5	Aviation		13
	1.1.6	Transit Buses - Urban Duty Cycle, Heavy Vehicles		16
1.2	Buildings
	1.2.1	Building Equipment, Appliances, and Lighting		19
	1.2.2	Building Envelope (Insulation, Walls, Roof)		22
	1.2.3	Intelligent Building Systems		25
	1.2.4	Urban Heat Island Technologies		28
1.3	Infrastructure
	1.3.1	High-Temperature Superconductivity		31
	1.3.2	Transmission and Distribution Technologies		34
	1.3.3	Distributed Generation and Combined Heat and Power		36
	1.3.4	Energy Storage		39
	1.3.5	Sensors, Controls, and Communications		42
	1.3.6	Power Electronics		45
1.4	Industry
	1.4.1	Energy Conversion and Utilization		48
	1.4.2	Resource Recovery and Utilization		51
	1.4.3	Industrial Process Efficiency		54
	1.4.4	Enabling Technologies for Industrial Processes		57
2.0 REDUCING EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY SUPPLY (2.66MB)
2.1	Low Emissions Fossil-Based Power and Fuels
	2.1.1	Zero-Emission Power, Hydrogen, and Other Value-Added Products		60
	2.1.2	High-Efficiency Coal/Solid Feedstock		63
	2.1.3	High-Efficiency Gas Fuel Cell/Hybrid Power Systems		66
2.2	Hydrogen
	2.2.1	Hydrogen Production from Nuclear Fission and Fusion		69
	2.2.2	Integrated Hydrogen Energy Systems		71
	2.2.3	Hydrogen Production		74
	2.2.4	Hydrogen Storage and Distribution		77
	2.2.5	Hydrogen Use		79
	2.2.6	Hydrogen Infrastructure Safety R&D		82
2.3	Renewable Energy and Fuels
	2.3.1	Wind Energy		84
	2.3.2	Solar Photovoltaic Power		87
	2.3.3	Solar Buildings		90
	2.3.4	Concentrating Solar Power		93
	2.3.5	Biochemical Conversion of Biomass		95
	2.3.6	Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass		98
	2.3.7	Biomass Residues		101
	2.3.8	Energy Crops		103
	2.3.9	Photoconversion		105
	2.3.10	Advanced Hydropower		108
	2.3.11	Geothermal Energy		110
2.4	Nuclear Fission
	2.4.1	Existing Plant Research and Development		112
	2.4.2	Next-Generation Fission Energy Systems		114
	2.4.3	Near-Term Nuclear Power Plant Systems		116
	2.4.4	Advanced Nuclear Fuel Cycle Processes		118
2.5	Nuclear Fusion
	2.5.1	Fusion Power		120
3.0 CAPTURING AND SEQUESTERING CARBON DIOXIDE (696kb)
3.1	Geologic Sequestration
	3.1.1	CO₂ Capture and Separation		122
	3.1.2	CO₂ Storage in Geologic Formations		124
	3.1.3	Novel Sequestration Systems		127
3.2	Terrestrial Sequestration
	3.2.1	Land Management		128
		3.2.1.1	Cropland Management and Precision Agriculture	128
		3.2.1.2	Converting Croplands to Reserves and Buffers	130
		3.2.1.3	Advanced Forest and Wood Products Managements	131
		3.2.1.4	Grazing Management	133
		3.2.1.5	Restoration of Degraded Rangelands	135
		3.2.1.6	Wetland Restoration Management and Carbon Sequestration	137
		3.2.1.7	Carbon Sequestration on Reclaimed Mined Lands	139
	3.2.2	Biotechnology		140
		3.2.2.1	Biotechnology and Soil Carbon	140
	3.2.3	Improved Measurement and Monitoring		142
		3.2.3.1	Terrestrial Sensors, Measurements, and Modeling	142
		3.2.3.2	Measuring and Monitoring Systems for Forests	144
3.3	Ocean Sequestration
	3.3.1	Ocean Sequestration - Direct Injection		146
	3.3.2	Ocean Sequestration - Iron Fertilization		148
4.0 REDUCING POTENTIAL FOR CLIMATE EFFECTS OF NON-CO₂ GREENHOUSE GASES (2.51MB)
4.1	Methane Emissions from Energy Waste
	4.1.1	Anaerobic and Aerobic Bioreactor Landfills		150
	4.1.2	Conversion of Landfill Gas to Alternative Uses		153
	4.1.3	Electricity Generation Technologies for Landfill Gas		156
	4.1.4	Advances in Coal Mine Ventilation Air Systems		159
	4.1.5	Advances in Coal Mine Methane Recovery Systems		162
	4.1.6	Measurement and Monitoring Technology for Natural Gas Systems		165
4.2	Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Agriculture
	4.2.1	Advanced Agricultural Systems for N₂O Emission Reduction		167
	4.2.2	Methane Reduction Options for Manure Management		170
	4.2.3	Advanced Agricultural Systems for Enteric Emissions Reduction		173
4.3	Emissions of High Global-Warming Potential Gases
	4.3.1	Semiconductor Industry: Abatement Technologies		176
	4.3.2	Semiconductor Industry: Substitutes for High GWP Gases		179
	4.3.3	Semiconductors and Magnesium: Recovery and Recycle		181
	4.3.4	Aluminum Industry: Perfluorocarbon Emissions		183
	4.3.5	Electric Power Systems and Magnesium: Substitutes for SF₆		185
	4.3.6	Supermarket Refrigeration: Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions		187
4.4	Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Combustion and Industrial Sources
	4.4.1	Nitrous Oxide Abatement Technologies for Nitric Acid Production		189
	4.4.2	Nitrous Oxide Abatement Technologies for Transportation		191
4.5	Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors and Black Carbon
	4.5.1	Abatement Technologies for Emissions of Tropospheric Ozone Precursors and Black Carbon		193
5.0 ENHANCING CAPABILITIES TO MEASURE AND MONITOR EMISSIONS (1.31MB)
5.1	Hierarchical MM Observation System			196
5.2	MM for Energy Efficiency			199
5.3	MM for Geologic Carbon Sequestration			201
5.4	MM for Terrestrial Carbon Sequestration			204
5.5	MM for Ocean Carbon Sequestration			206
5.6	MM for Other GHG			208