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Return to GREET Fuel-Cycle Model for Transportation Fuels Table of Contents

GREET 1.5 Transportation Fuel-Cycle Model - Volume I and Volume II - 1999

Wang, M. Q.

Argonne National Laboratory

Table of Contents 103kb

Volume 1: Methodology, Development, Use, and Results

Section 1
167kb		 Notation xv
Foreword xix
Acknowledgments xx
Abstract 1

1

 Introduction 3

2

 Review of Previous Fuel-Cycle Studies 5
  2.1 Delucchi 1991, 1993 5
2.2 National Renewable Energy Laboratory et al. 1991, 1992 6
2.3 Bentley et al. 1992 7
2.4 Brogan and Venkateswaran 1992 8
2.5 Ecotraffice, AB 1992 9
2.6 Wang and Santini 1993 10
2.7 Darrow 1994a, 1994b 10
2.8 Acurex 1996 12
2.9 Delucchi 1997 13
2.10 Argonne National Laboratory et al. 1998 13
2.11 Sheehan et al. 1998 14
2.12 Summary 15
Section 2
404kb

3

 Modeling Approach 16
  3.1 Fuel Cycles and Their Stages 16
3.2 Vehicle Types 18
3.3 Calculation of Energy Use and Emissions of Upstream Stages 19
  3.3.1 Calculation of Energy Use and Emissions of Upstream Stages for a Fuel Cycle 19
3.3.2 Calculation of Emissions for an Upstream Stage 21
3.3.3 Consideration of Energy Use and Emissions of Upstream Stages for a Fuel Cycle 26
3.3.4 Aggregation of Energy Use and Emissions of Individual Upstream Stages for a Fuel Cycle 27
3.3.5 Energy Use and Emissions of Vehicle Operations 28
3.3.6 Total Fuel-Cycle Energy Use and Emissions for a Combination of Fuel and Vehicle Type 30
3.3.7 Total and Urban Emissions for Five Criteria Pollutants 30
3.3.8 Summary: Results of Fuel-Cycle Energy Use and Emissions Calculated with GREET 32

4

 Parametric Assumptions and Their Data Sources 34
 

4.1

 Petroleum-Based Fuel Cycles 34
  4.1.1 Petroleum Recovery 36
4.1.2 Crude Transportation and Storage 39
4.1.3 Crude Refining 40
4.1.4 Production of Oxygenates 41
4.1.5 Transportation, Storage, and Distribution of Petroleum Products 44

4.2

 Natural-Gas-Based Fuel Cycles 44
  4.2.1 Brief Description of the Natural Gas Industry 44
Section 3
497kb		 4.2.2 System Descriptions and Energy Efficiencies of Natural Gas-Based Fuel Cycles 46
4.2.3 Summary of Energy Efficiencies of Natural Gas-Based Cycles 55
4.2.4 CH4 Emissions during Natural Gas Production and Transportation 56
4.2.5 Noncombustion Emissions during Natural Gas Processing and Production of Natural Gas-Based Fuels 60
4.2.6 Potential Steam Co-Generation in Methanol, H2, DME, and FTD Plants 62

4.3

 Ethanol Production Cycles 63
  4.3.1 Fuel and Chemicals Used for Corn and Biomass Production 63
4.3.2 Energy Use and Emissions of Transporting Corn and Biomass from Farms to Ethanol Plants 65
4.3.3 Energy Use of Manufacturing Fertilizers and Pesticides 66
4.3.4 Energy Use of Transporting Fertilizers and Pesticides from Manufacturing Plants to Farms 68
4.3.5 Ethanol Production 69
4.3.6 N2O and NOX Emissions from Nitrification and Denitrification of Nitrogen Fertilizer 76
4.3.7 CO2 Emissions or Sequestration from Potential Land Use Changes for Ethanol Production 78
4.3.8 Ethanol Transportation, Storage, and Distribution 80

4.4

 Biodiesel Production 80
  4.4.1 Soybean Farming 80
Section 4
276kb		 4.4.2 Soybean Oil Extraction 82
4.4.3 Soy Oil Transesterification 83

4.5

 Coal to Electricity 85
  4.5.1 Energy Efficiences 86
4.5.2 Noncombustion Emissions 86

4.6

 Uranium to Electricity 86

4.7

 Landfill Gases to Methanol 87
  4.7.1 Energy Efficiencies 87
4.7.2 Emission Credits for Methanol Production 87

4.8

 Electricity Generation 87
  4.8.1 Combustion Technologies 88
4.8.2 Power Plant Conversion Efficiencies 88
4.8.3 Natural Gas-Fired Combined-Cycle Gas Turbines 90
4.8.4 Electric Generation Mixes 91

4.9

 Vehicle Operations 94
  4.9.1 Alternative Fuels and Vehicle Technologies Included in GREET 94
4.9.2 Gasoline Vehicles Fueled with Reformulated Gasoline 97
4.9.3 Compressed Natural Gas Vehicles 100
4.9.4 Methanol Vehicles 103
4.9.5 Ethanol Vehicles 104
4.9.6 Liquefied Petroleum Gas Vehicles 105
4.9.7 Other Vehicle Types 105
4.9.8 Summary 108
Section 5
274kb

5

 Model Layout 115

6

 Fuel-Cycle Energy Use and Emissions Results 123
  6.1 Near- and long-term Alternative Fuels and Vehicle Technologies 123
6.2 Mobile 5b and Part 5 Runs 127
6.3 Contribution of Each Stage to Fuel-Cycle Energy Use and Emissions 132
  6.3.1 Near-Term Technologies 132
6.3.2 Long-Term Technologies 138
Section 6
625kb

6.4

 Per-Mile Energy Use and Emissions Results 146
  6.4.1 Near-Term Technologies 147
6.4.2 Long-Term Technologies 156
Section 8
238kb

6.5

 Summary 202

7

 References 204

Volume 2: Appendices of Data and Results

Table of Contents 107kb

Introduction 77kb 1
Appendix A: Emission Factors of Fuel Combustion 89kb 3
Appendix B: Per-Mile Fuel-Cycle Energy Use and Emissions 426kb 7
Appendix C: Graphic Presentation of Changes in Per-Mile Fuel-Cycle Energy Use and Emissions by Use of Alternative-Transportation Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Technologies: Light-Duty Trucks 1 and Light-Duty Trucks 2 71
Appendix D: Changes in Per-Mile Fuel-Cycle Energy Use and Emissions 165