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A Full Fuel-Cycle Analysis of Energy and Emissions Impacts of Transportation Fuels Produced from Natural Gas - 1999

M. Q. Wang
H.-S. Huang

In the pdf format this document has 134 pages and 922kb

Table of Contents

Notation ix
Acknowledgments xiiii
Abstract 1

1

 Introduction 3

2

 Scope of Study 8
  2.1 Fuel-Cycle Analysis 8
2.2 Fuel Pathways Included in This Study 10
2.3 Combinations of Fuels and Vehicle Propulsion Systems 11

3

 Upstream Fuel-Cycle Stages 13
 

3.1

 Fuels Produced from Commercial Natural Gas 13
  3.1.1 Natural Gas to Compressed Natural Gas 13
3.1.2 Natural Gas to Liquefied Natural Gas 16
3.1.3 Natural Gas to Liquefied Petroleum Gas 17
3.1.4 Natural Gas to Electricity via Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine 19
3.1.5 Natural Gas to Methanol Production 20
3.1.6 Natural Gas to Gaseous Hydrogen Produced at Centralized Plants 24
3.1.7 Natural Gas to Gaseous Hydrogen Produced at Refueling Stations 27
3.1.8 Natural Gas to Liquid Hydrogen Produced in Centralized Plants 28
3.1.9 Natural Gas to Dimethyl Ether 30
3.1.10 Natural Gas to Fischer-Tropsch Diesel 32

3.2

 Production of Liquid Fuels from Flared Gas 35
  3.2.1 Flared Gas to Liquefied Natural Gas 36
3.2.2 Flared Gas to Methanol 37
3.2.3 Flared Gas to Liquid Hydrogen 37
3.2.4 Flared Gas to Dimethyl Ether 37
3.2.5 Flared Gas to Fischer-Tropsch Diesel 37

4

 Vehicle Technologies 38

5

 Fuel-Cycle Energy and Emissions Results 45
  5.1 Total Energy Use Changes 47
5.2 Fossil Energy Use 50
5.3 Petroleum Use 50
5.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 50
5.5 CO2 Emissions 57
5.6 Total VOC Emissions 57
5.7 Urban VOC Emissions 62
5.8 Total CO Emissions 62
5.9 Urban CO Emissions 67
5.10 Total NOx Emissions 67
5.11 Urban NOx Emissions 67
5.12 Total PM10 Emissions 74
5.13 Urban PM10 Emissions 74
5.14 Total SOx Emissions 79
5.15 Urban SOx Emissions 79

6

 Conclusions 85

7

 References 88
Appendixes
Appendix A: Per-Mile Fuel-Cycle Energy Use and Emissions 94
Appendix B: Change in Per-Mile Fuel-Cycle Energy Use and Emissions 111