Environmental Risk Analysis for Indirect Coal Liquefaction

Barnthouse, L. W.
Suter, G. W.
Baes, C. F.
Bartell, S. M.
Cavendish, M. G.
Gardner, R. H.
O'Neill, R. V.
Rosen, A. V.

Section 1 455kb	List of Figures				v
	List of Tables				vii
	Summary				xi
	Abstract				xv
	1	Introduction			1
	2	Source Terms and Exposure			4
		2.1	Source Terms		4
		2.2	Aquatic Exposure Assessment		5
			2.2.1	Stream Characteristics	5
			2.2.2	Contaminant Characteristics	7
			2.2.3	Results	10
		2.3	Atmospheric Dispersion and Deposition		10
Section 2 437kb	3	Aquatic Endpoints			17
		3.1	Quotient Method		17
		3.2	Analysis of Extrapolation Error		21
			3.2.1	Methods	22
			3.2.2	Results	23
			3.2.2	Toxcity of the Whole Effluent	26
		3.3	Ecosystem Uncertainty Analysis		28
			3.3.1	Explanation of Method	28
			3.3.2	Results of Ecosystem Uncertainty Analysis	29
			3.3.3	Comparison of Risks Across RACs	35
			3.3.4	Comparison of Risks Between Technologies	36
Section 3 608kb	4	Terrestrial Endpoints			39
		4.1	Vegetation		39
		4.2	Wildlife		44
	5	Evaluation of Risks			48
		5.1	Evaluation of Risks to Fish		48
		5.2	Evaluation of Risks of Algal Blooms		50
		5.3	Evaluation of Risks to Vegetation and Wildlife		50
		5.4	Validation Needs		51
	6	Acknowledgments			53
	7	References			54
Section 4 460kb	Appendix A. Aquatic Toxicity Data				69
	Appendix B. Terrestrial Toxicity Data				83
	Appendix C. Common and Scientific Names of Animals and Plants				97
Section 5 329kb	Appendix D. Species-Specific Results of the Analysis of Extrapolation Error				103
	Appendix E. Detailed Methods and Assumptions for Ecosystem Uncertainty Analysis				121
		E.1	Organizing Toxicity Data		123
		E.2	Transforming Toxicity Data		124
			E.2.1	The General Stress Syndrome (GSS)	124
			E.2.2	The MICROCOSM Simulations	125
			E.2.3	Choosing Unvertainties	125