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Special Distribution
High-BTU Coal Gasification Processes
by
Christopher F. Blazek
Nathaniel R. Baker
Raymond R. Tison
Project Manager
Charles H. Gartside III
Energy and Environmental Systems Division
January 1979
CONTENTS
Page
Foreword vi
Abstract viii
Summary xiv.A.I
1 Introduction 1
2 Standard Practice 4
2.1 Applicable Codes and Standards 4
2.2 Standard Ratings 4
2.3 Derating Factors 4
2.3.1 Moisture 4
2.3.2 Volatile Matter 5
2.3.3 Fixed-Carbon Content 5
2.3.4 Sulfur Content 5
2.3.5 Ash 6
3 Process Description 8
3.1 Fixed- or Moving-Bed Reactors 8
3.1.1 General Discussion 8
3.1.2 The Lurgi Process 9
3.2 Entrained Flow Reactors 13
3.2.1 General Discussion 13
3.2.2 The Bi-Gas Process 13
3.3 Fluidized-Bed Reactors 15
3.3.1 General Discussion 15
3.3.2 The Syuthane Process 15
3.3.3 The Cogas Process 17
3.3.4 The Steam-Oxygen Hygas Process 19
3.3.5
The
4 Material Balance 26
4.1 Primary Material Input/Output 26
4.2 Material Specifications 28
4.3 Product Material Specifications 32
4.3.1 Lurgi Process (Single-Feed Case) 32
4.3.2 Bi-Gas Process 33
4.3.3 Synthane Process 34
4.3.4 Cogas Process 35
4.3.5 Steam-Oxygen Hygas Process 36
4.3.6 Steam-Iron Hygas Process 37
5 Energy Balance 38
5.1 General Discussion 38
5.2 Energy Input/Output 38
6 Environmental Effects 42
6.1 General Discussion 42
6.2 Thermal Discharges 42
6.3 Noise Attenuation 43
6.4 Aesthetics 43
6.5 Gaseous Effluents 43
6.6 Aqueous Effluents 47
6.7 Solid Wastes 49
7 Operating Requirements 51
7.1 Considerations 51
7.2 Operating Personnel 52
8 Maintenance And Reliability 54
8.1 General 54
8.2 Maintenance Requirements 54
8.3 Plant Life And Reliability 55
9 Cost Considerations 56
9.1 General 57
9.2 Capital Cost 57
9.3 Annual Operating Cost 58
9.4 Saleable Product Output Rates 60
References 63