|
Executive Summary |
2 |
|
List of Figures |
8 |
|
List of Tables |
12 |
|
1. |
Chapter 1: Introduction and Objectives |
14 |
|
1.1 |
Introduction |
14 |
|
1.2 |
Scientific Background |
15 |
|
1.2.1 |
Literature Review |
15 |
|
1.2.1.1 |
Alkali metal Salts |
15 |
|
1.2.1.2 |
Alkaline-Earth Metal Oxides |
16 |
|
1.2.1.3 |
Transition and other metals, their oxides and salts |
18 |
|
1.2.1.4 |
Mineral Substances or ash in coal |
19 |
|
1.2.1.5 |
Eutectic Salt Mixtures |
19 |
|
1.2.2 |
Catalytic coal gasification by eutectic salt mixtures |
20 |
|
1.3 |
Research Needs |
22 |
|
1.4 |
Project Objectives |
23 |
|
1.4.1 |
Research Objectives |
23 |
|
1.4.2 |
Educational Objectives |
23 |
|
1.5 |
References |
24 |
|
2. |
Chapter Two: Technical Approach |
27 |
|
2.1 |
Methodology and Tasks |
27 |
|
2.1.1 |
Selection of Eutectic salt Mixtures |
27 |
|
2.1.2 |
Evaluation of gasification performance in a bench-scale fixed-bed reactor |
27 |
|
2.1.3 |
Data analysis and reporting |
27 |
|
2.2 |
Materials |
27 |
|
2.2.1 |
Coal |
27 |
|
2.2.2 |
Reagents and Chemicals |
28 |
|
2.3 |
Preparation |
28 |
|
2.3.1 |
Preparation of eutectic catalysts |
28 |
|
2.3.2 |
Sample Preparation (coal + catalyst) |
28 |
|
|
2.3.2.1 |
Physical Mixing Technique (M1 method) |
28 |
|
2.3.2.2 |
Incipient wetness method for mixture of individual salts (M2 method) |
28 |
|
2.3.2.3 |
Incipient wetness method for mixture of individual Salts (M3 Method) |
28 |
|
2.3.2.4 |
Drying |
28 |
|
2.3.2.5 |
Devolatilization/pyrolysis |
29 |
|
2.3.2.6 |
Sieving |
29 |
|
2.4 |
Gasification test by TGA in CO2 |
29 |
|
2.4.1 |
Gasification test by fixed-bed reactor |
30 |
|
2.5 |
Zeta Potential measurements |
31 |
|
2.6 |
Free-Swelling index tests |
32 |
|
2.7 |
X-ray diffraction experiments |
32 |
|
2.8 |
SEM measurements |
32 |
|
2.9 |
References |
33 |
|
3.0 |
Chapter 3: Identification of Appropriate Eutectic Salt Mixtures |
34 |
|
3.1 |
Selection of eutectic salt mixtures |
34 |
|
3.2 |
Results and Discussion |
38 |
|
3.2.1 |
Study on TGA reproducibility |
39 |
|
3.2.2 |
Study on single salt for the gasification |
40 |
|
3.2.3 |
Study on binary and ternary eutectics |
45 |
|
3.2.3.1 |
Measurements of melting point of binary and ternary eutectics |
45 |
|
3.2.3.2 |
Study of the effect of preparation conditions on the catalytic activity |
45 |
|
3.2.4 |
Evaluation of the effect of preparation conditions on the catalytic activity |
51 |
|
3.3 |
Conclusions |
52 |
|
3.4 |
References |
54 |
|
4.0 |
Chapter 4: Gasification of Coal in Steam by Bench Scale Fixed-Bed Reactor |
55 |
|
4.1 |
Introduction |
55 |
|
4.2 |
Evaluation of catalyst addition techniques |
55 |
|
4.3 |
Comparative study of single, binary, and ternary salt catalysts |
58 |
|
4.4 |
Study of the effects of process variables on the performance of gasifiers |
60 |
|
4.4.1 |
Effect of Temperature |
60 |
|
4.4.2 |
Effect of Pressure |
61 |
|
4.4.3 |
Effect of Catalyst Loading |
64 |
|
4.4.4 |
Effect of steam/water flow rate |
66 |
|
4.5 |
Reaction kinetics modeling using binary and ternary eutectic catalysts in steam |
68 |
|
4.5.1 |
Overview |
68 |
|
4.5.2 |
Kinetic Modeling |
70 |
|
4.6 |
Conclusions |
76 |
|
4.7 |
References |
78 |
|
5.0 |
Chapter 5: Reaction Kinetics for Hydrogasification |
79 |
|
5.1 |
Introduction |
80 |
|
5.2 |
Hydrogasification |
80 |
|
5.3 |
Study of the effects of process variables of the gasification of coal |
|
|
5.3.1 |
Effect of partial pressure of hydrogen |
81 |
|
5.3.2 |
Effect of average particle size of sample |
83 |
|
5.3.3 |
Reproducibility of experiments |
87 |
|
5.4 |
Kinetic Modeling |
87 |
|
5.5 |
Conclusions |
92 |
|
5.6 |
References |
95 |
|
6.0 |
Recovery, Regeneration and Recycle of Spent Eutectic catalysts and Economic Analysis |
96 |
|
6.1 |
Introduction |
98 |
|
6.2 |
Water Extraction |
98 |
|
6.2.1 |
Effect of solvent-to-char ratio |
98 |
|
6.2.2 |
Effect of mixing time |
99 |
|
6.2.3 |
Effect of temperature |
100 |
|
6.3 |
Sulfuric acid extraction |
100 |
|
6.4 |
Acetic acid extraction |
103 |
|
6.5 |
Comparison of catalyst recovery results for LNK and NK catalysts |
105 |
|
6.6 |
Catalyst Regeneration |
105 |
|
6.7 |
Economic analysis and cost estimation |
108 |
|
6.8 |
Sensitivity analysis |
110 |
|
6.9 |
Conclusions |
111 |
|
6.10 |
References |
112 |
|
7.0 |
Chapter 7: Characterizations of Coal/Char with/without Catalysts |
114 |
|
7.1 |
Study of the surface property of the coal with/without catalyst |
114 |
|
7.2 |
Free swelling index studies |
114 |
|
7.3 |
X-ray diffraction experiments |
116 |
|
7.4 |
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) |
123 |
|
7.5 |
Conclusions |
123 |
|
7.6 |
References |
126 |
|
8.0 |
Chapter 8: Other Program Accomplishments |
127 |
|
8.1 |
Students supported on the project at Clark Atlanta University |
127 |
|
8.2 |
Students supported at the University of Tennessee Space Institute (USTI) |
127 |
|
8.3 |
Students supported at the Georgia Institute of Technology |
127 |
|
8.4 |
Student Thesis Produced |
128 |
|
8.5 |
Publications and presentations |
128 |
|
8.5.1 |
Publications |
128 |
|
8.5.2 |
Presentations |
128 |
|
9.0 |
Chapter 9: Conclusions and Acknowledgements |
129 |
|
9.1 |
Conclusions |
129 |
|
9.2 |
Acknowledgements |
132 |
|
10.0 |
Chapter 10: Suggestions for Future Studies |
133 |
