| |
List of Tables |
vi |
| List of Figures |
ix |
| List of Appendices |
xii |
| Abstract |
xiii |
Section
1
628kb |
1.0 |
Introduction |
1-1 |
| |
1.1 |
Product Distribution from F-T Reactors |
1-1 |
|
1.2 |
New Technologies Applied to Light-Ends Upgrading |
1-2 |
| |
1.2.1 |
LPG to Aromatics via the Cyclar Process |
1-3 |
|
1.2.2 |
Naphtha Upgrading via New Reforming Technologies |
1-3 |
|
1.3 |
Task Descriptions |
1-3 |
| |
1.3.1 |
Task 1.0 Project Work Plan |
1-4 |
|
1.3.2 |
Task 2.0 Feedstock Procurement and Analysis |
1-4 |
|
1.3.3 |
Task 3.0 Feedstock Preparation |
1-4 |
|
1.3.4 |
Task 4.0 Cyclar Processing Study |
1-5 |
|
1.3.5 |
Task 5.0 Light Paraffin Conversion Study |
1-5 |
|
1.3.6 |
Task 6.0 Low-Pressure Platforming Process Study |
1-5 |
|
1.3.7 |
Task 7.0 Economic Evaluation |
1-6 |
|
2.0 |
Process Descriptions |
2-1 |
| |
2.1 |
Huels CSP Process Description |
2-1 |
|
2.2 |
Cyclar Process Description |
2-2 |
| |
2.2.1 |
History of the Cyclar Process |
2-2 |
| 2.2.2 |
Cyclar Process Chemistry |
2-3 |
| 2.2.3 |
Cyclar Process Flow |
2-4 |
|
3.0 |
Pilot plant Descriptions |
3-1 |
| |
3.1 |
Huels CSP Pilot Plant |
3-1 |
|
3.2 |
Cyclar Pilot Plant |
3-1 |
Section
2
295kb |
4.0 |
Feedstocks |
4-1 |
| |
4.1 |
Huels CSP Feedstocks |
4-1 |
|
4.2 |
Pure Component Cyclar Feedstocks |
4-2 |
|
4.3 |
Direct Cyclar Feedstocks |
4-2 |
|
4.4 |
Indirect Cyclar Feedstock |
4-3 |
|
5.0 |
Huels CSP Pilot Plant Work |
5-1 |
| |
5.1 |
Huels CSP Process Variable Study |
5-1 |
|
5.2 |
Huels CSP Pentene Conversion Study |
5-2 |
|
5.3 |
Conclusions of Huels CSP Pilot Plant Testing |
5-2 |
Section
3
1253kb |
6.0 |
Cyclar Pilot Plant Work |
6-1 |
| |
6.1 |
Catalyst |
6-1 |
|
6.2 |
Interpretation of Pilot Plant Data |
6-1 |
| |
6.2.1 |
Pilot Plant Test Methodology |
6-2 |
|
6.2.2 |
Evaluation of Results |
6-3 |
|
6.3 |
Pure Component Pilot Plant Work |
6-5 |
| |
6.3.1 |
Propane Feedstock at Base-Case Conditions (Run 1) |
6-5 |
|
6.3.2 |
Butane Feedstock at Base-Case Conditions (Run 9) |
6-6 |
|
6.3.3 |
Pressure Increase with Pure Component Feeds (Runs 8
and 10) |
6-6 |
|
6.3.4 |
Pure Olefin Feeds |
6-7 |
| |
6.3.4.1 |
Propylene Feed (Run 11) |
6-7 |
|
6.3.4.2 |
Butene Feed (Run 12) |
6-8 |
|
6.4 |
Direct Cyclar Pilot Plant Study |
6-9 |
| |
6.4.1 |
Direct Cyclar at Base Conditions (Run 3) |
6-9 |
|
6.4.2 |
Direct Cyclar Pressure Study (Runs 3, 5 and 6) |
6-10 |
|
6.4.3 |
Pressure Study at Reduced Temperature (Runs 2, 4,
and 7) |
6-10 |
|
6.4.4 |
Variation in Feedstock Olefinicity (Runs 6, 17, and
18) |
6-11 |
|
6.4.5 |
Direct Cyclar Spent-Catalyst Coke Levels |
6-12 |
|
6.5 |
Indirect Cyclar Pilot Plant Study |
6-12 |
| |
6.5.1 |
LHSV Effect at P1 (Runs 13 and 14) |
6-13 |
|
6.5.2 |
LHSV Effect at P3 (Runs 15 and 16) |
6-13 |
|
6.5.3 |
Pressure Effect at LHSV 2 (Runs 14 and 15) |
6-13 |
|
6.6 |
Conclusions |
6-14 |
| |
6.6.1 |
Butane vs. Propane |
6-14 |
|
6.6.2 |
Paraffins vs. Olefins |
6-14 |
|
6.6.3 |
Effect of Pressure |
6-15 |
|
6.6.4 |
Direct Cyclar Conclusions |
6-15 |
|
6.6.5 |
Indirect Cyclar Conclusions |
6-16 |
Section
4
860kb |
7.0 |
Commercial Estimates |
7-1 |
| |
7.1 |
Feedstock Definitions |
7-1 |
|
7.2 |
Commercial Yield Estimates |
7-2 |
| |
7.2.1 |
Huels CSP Commercial Yield Estimates |
7-3 |
|
7.2.2 |
Cyclar Commercial Yield Estimates |
7-3 |
| |
7.2.2.1 |
Indirect Cyclar Commercial Yield Estimates |
7-3 |
|
7.2.2.2 |
Direct Cyclar Commercial Yield Estimates |
7-4 |
|
7.2.2.3 |
Direct vs. Indirect Cyclar Yield Estimates |
7-4 |
Section
5
866kb |
8.0 |
Economic Evaluation |
8-1 |
| |
8.1 |
Evaluation Procedure |
8-1 |
| |
8.1.1 |
Evaluation Technique |
8-1 |
|
8.1.2 |
Price and Cost Basis for Economic Evaluation |
8-2 |
|
8.1.3 |
Fuel Gas Production and Consumption |
8-3 |
|
8.1.4 |
Treatment of Offsites |
8-4 |
|
8.2 |
Capital Cost and Net Operating Profit Calculations |
8-5 |
| |
8.2.1 |
Capital Expenditure |
8-5 |
|
8.2.2 |
Gross Margin |
8-6 |
|
8.2.3 |
Operating Cost |
8-7 |
| |
8.2.3.1 |
Catalyst and Chemicals |
8-7 |
|
8.2.3.2 |
Utilities |
8-7 |
|
8.2.3.3 |
Labor |
8-8 |
|
8.2.3.4 |
Maintenance |
8-8 |
|
8.2.3.5 |
Taxes and Insurance |
8-8 |
|
8.3 |
IRR Calculations |
8-8 |
| |
8.3.1 |
Income Tax Considerations |
8-8 |
|
8.3.2 |
Summary of IRR Results |
8-9 |
|
8.4 |
Discussion of Results |
8-9 |
| |
8.4.1 |
Indirect Cyclar -- Impact of Feed Olefinicity on IRR |
8-10 |
|
8.4.2 |
Direct Cyclar--Impact of Feed Olefinicity on IRR |
8-10 |
|
8.5 |
Sensitivity Cases |
8-11 |
| |
8.5.1 |
LPG Feed Cost |
8-11 |
|
8.5.2 |
Aromatics Product Value |
8-12 |
|
8.5.3 |
Hydrogen Coproduct Value |
8-12 |
|
8.6 |
Conclusions |
8-12 |
Section
6
154kb |
9.0 |
Conclusions |
9-1 |
| |
9.1 |
Direct vs. Indirect Cyclar |
9-1 |
|
9.2 |
General Conclusion |
9-2 |
| 10.0 |
Acknowledgements |
10-1 |
| 11.0 |
References |
11-1 |
| 12.0 |
List of Abbreviations |
12-1 |
| Appendix
1589kb |
|
