| Abstract |
iii |
|
1 |
Summary and Recommendations |
1-1 |
| |
1.1 |
Slurry Reactor |
1-1 |
|
1.2 |
Catalytic Functions |
1-1 |
|
1.3 |
Economics of Advanced Technologies |
1-3 |
|
1.4 |
Solvent Effects in Slurry Reactions |
1-5 |
|
1.5 |
Analytical Contributions |
1-7 |
|
1.6 |
Strong Metal-support Interactions |
1-8 |
|
1.7 |
CO2 as a By-product of Slurry Reaction |
1-12 |
|
1.8 |
The Schulz-Flory Mechanism |
1-12 |
|
2 |
Introduction |
2-1 |
|
3 |
Improvements in the Use of Carbon Monoxide/Hydrogen Mixtures |
3-1 |
| |
3.1 |
General Perspective |
3-1 |
|
3.2 |
Development in Fuel Synthesis via Methanol |
3-3 |
|
|
3.2.1 |
Introduction |
3-3 |
|
3.2.2 |
Developments in Catalysts for Methanol Synthesis |
3-6 |
|
3.2.3 |
Conclusions |
3-14 |
|
3.3 |
Developments in Fuel Synthesis via Fischer-Tropsch
Catalysis |
3-15 |
| |
3.3.1 |
Introduction |
3-15 |
|
3.3.2 |
Improvements in Fischer-Tropsch Catalysis |
3-16 |
|
3.3.3 |
Conclusions |
3-19 |
|
3.4 |
Oxo Process Implications for Fischer-Tropsch
Technology |
3-21 |
| |
3.4.1 |
Background |
3-21 |
|
3.4.2 |
Implications for Fischer-Tropsch Development |
3-24 |
|
4 |
Assessment of Slurry-phase Reaction Systems in Fischer-Tropsch
Synthesis |
4-1 |
| |
4.1 |
Introduction |
4-1 |
|
4.2 |
Reactor Developments |
4-2 |
|
4.3 |
Hydrogen-to-Carbon Monoxide Ratio in Slurry-phase
Operation |
4-9 |
|
4.4 |
Identification of Scale-up and Design Problems |
4-16 |
| |
4.4.1 |
Flow Regimes |
4-16 |
|
4.4.2 |
Degree of Phase Mixing |
4-22 |
|
4.4.3 |
Other Important Design Parameters and
Physicochemical Properties |
4-23 |
|
4.5 |
Conclusions |
4-26 |
|
4.6 |
List of Symbols |
4-29 |
|
5 |
Economics of Indirect Liquefaction |
5-1 |
| |
5.1 |
SASOL Economics |
5-1 |
|
5.2 |
Advanced Gasifiers |
5-7 |
|
5.3 |
CO Shift |
5-16 |
|
5.4 |
Advanced Synthesis Processes |
5-19 |
|
5.5 |
Summary and Conclusions |
5-27 |
|
6 |
Strong Metal-support Interactions
(SMSI) |
6-1 |
| |
6.1 |
General Characterization |
6-1 |
|
6.2 |
Hydrogen Chemisorption under SMSI |
6-4 |
|
6.3 |
CO Chemisorption under SMSI |
6-12 |
|
6.4 |
Reversibility of SMSI |
6-15 |
|
6.5 |
Platinum on Titanium Oxide |
6-21 |
|
6.6 |
Rhodium on Titanium Oxide |
6-29 |
|
6.7 |
SMSI in CO/H2 Reactions |
6-29 |
|
7 |
Analytical Methods |
7-1 |
| |
7.1 |
Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) |
7-1 |
|
7.2 |
Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) |
7-4 |
|
7.3 |
Secondary Ion-mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) |
7-14 |
|
7.4 |
Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive
Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) |
7-17 |
|
7.5 |
Summary and Conclusions |
7-29 |
|
8 |
Schulz-Flory Limitations |
8-1 |
| |
8.1 |
Schulz-Flory Distribution |
8-1 |
|
8.2 |
Non-Schulz-Flory Distribution |
8-11 |
| |
8.2.1 |
Synfuel Options |
8-11 |
|
8.2.2 |
Chain Reactivity |
8-16 |
|
8.2.3 |
Catalyst or Reactor Nonuniformity |
8-16 |
|
8.2.4 |
Product Incorporation in Chain |
8-17 |
|
8.2.5 |
Production of Oxygen-containing Products |
8-17 |
|
8.3 |
Experimental Artifacts |
8-18 |
| |
8.3.1 |
Product Condensation in Reactor |
8-20 |
|
8.3.2 |
Product Condensation in Reactor and Receivers |
8-23 |
|
8.3.3 |
Recommended Solutions |
8-23 |
|
8.4 |
Experimental Observations |
8-25 |
| |
8.4.1 |
Union Carbide |
8-25 |
|
8.4.2 |
Air Products and Chemicals |
8-35 |
|
8.4.3 |
Olefin Incorporation |
8-46 |
|
8.5 |
Summary and Conclusions |
8-53 |
|
9 |
References |
9-1 |
