|
1. |
Introduction |
1-1 |
|
1.1 |
Background |
1-1 |
|
1.2 |
Process Concept |
1-3 |
|
2. |
Bulk Sulfur Removal |
2-1 |
|
2.1 |
Current State-Of-The-Art |
2-1 |
|
2.1.1 |
High-Temperature Sulfur Removal Using Sorbent Technology |
2-1 |
|
2.1.2 |
Conventional Sulfur Removal |
2-2 |
|
2.2 |
Hybrid Sulfur Removal Process |
2-3 |
|
2.2.1 |
Polymer Membrane System |
2-5 |
|
2.3 |
Fundamentals of Membrane System |
2-5 |
|
2.3.1 |
Solubility Selective Materials |
2-10 |
|
2.3.2 |
Facilitated Transport/Solid Polymer Electrolytes |
2-13 |
|
2.4 |
Polymer Synthesis, Film Preparation, and Characterization |
2-13 |
|
2.4.1 |
North Carolina State University |
2-13 |
|
2.4.2 |
Characterization of PEO and PEO/Salt blends |
2-18 |
|
2.4.3 |
MEDAL Samples |
2-20 |
|
2.5 |
High-Temperature/High-Pressure (HTHP) Membrane Testing |
2-21 |
|
2.5.1 |
RTI’s Membrane Test Facility |
2-21 |
|
2.5.2 |
Characterization of a Baseline Solubility Selective Polymer: Poly (dimethylsiloxane) |
2-22 |
|
2.5.3 |
Characterization of MEDAL Polymer Samples |
2-25 |
|
2.5.4 |
Characterization of NCSU Polymer Samples |
2-27 |
|
2.6 |
Membrane Module Simulations |
2-29 |
|
2.7 |
Summary and Future Work |
2-30 |
|
3. |
Sulfur Polishing Through Monolith Technology |
3-1 |
|
3.1 |
Use of Monoliths in Hybrid Sulfur Removal Process (Polishing) |
3-2 |
|
3.2 |
Sample Preparation |
3-4 |
|
3.3 |
Thermogravimetric Testing |
3-4 |
|
3.3.1 |
Washcoat Screening Tests |
3-4 |
|
3.3.2 |
Temperature Screening Tests |
3-9 |
|
3.3.3 |
Summary of Thermogravimetric Testing |
3-11 |
|
3.4 |
Bench-Scale Testing |
3-11 |
|
3.4.1 |
Monolith Preparation |
3-11 |
|
3.4.2 |
Multicycle Performance Tests |
3-12 |
|
3.4.3 |
Parametric Testing |
3-16 |
|
3.5 |
Conclusions |
3-21 |
|
4. |
Chlorine and Nitrogen Compound Removal |
4-1 |
|
4.1 |
Introduction |
4-1 |
|
4.1.1 |
Chlorine and Nitrogen Compounds in Syngas Streams |
4-1 |
|
4.1.2 |
Need for Removal of HCl and NH3 |
4-2 |
|
4.1.3 |
Previous Studies |
4-2 |
|
4.1.4 |
Project |
4-3 |
|
4.2 |
Removal of Hydrogen Chloride Vapor |
4-3 |
|
4.2.1 |
Theoretical Considerations |
4-3 |
|
4.2.2 |
Sorbent Requirements |
4-4 |
|
4.2.3 |
Detection of Trace Levels of HCI Vapor |
4-5 |
|
4.2.4 |
Experimental Determination of Sorbent Reactivities for HCI Vapor |
4-6 |
|
4.2.5 |
Preliminary Economic Analysis |
4-7 |
|
4.2.6 |
Bulk HCl Removal Cost |
4-8 |
|
4.2.7 |
Trace HCl Removal Cost |
4-9 |
|
4.3 |
Removal of Ammonia Vapor |
4-12 |
|
4.3.1 |
Theoretical Considerations |
4-12 |
|
4.3.2 |
Sorbents for Ammonia Removal |
4-13 |
|
4.3.3 |
Process Considerations |
4-16 |
|
4.3.4 |
Preliminary Economic Analysis |
4-17 |
|
4.4 |
Summary and Future Work |
4-19 |
|
5. |
Technical and Economic Evaluation |
5-1 |
|
5.1 |
Nexant’s Technical and Economic Evaluation of the RTl Process |
5-2 |
|
5.1.1 |
Introduction |
5-2 |
|
5.1.2 |
Conclusions and Recommendations |
5-6 |
|
5.1.3 |
Conventional Acid Gas Removal Options |
5-6 |
|
5.1.4 |
RTI Process Objective |
5-7 |
|
5.1.5 |
RTl Process Objective |
5-7 |
|
5.1.6 |
Methodology for Estimating Total Installed Price for RTl Process |
5-10 |
|
5.2 |
Conclusions |
5-17 |
|
6. |
Summary, Conclusions, and Future Work |
6-1 |
|
6.1 |
Bulk Sulfur Removal |
6-1 |
|
6.2 |
Polishing Sulfur Removal |
6-3 |
|
6.3 |
HCl and NH3 Removal |
6-4 |
|
6.4 |
Technical/Economic Evaluation |
6-6 |
|
6.5 |
Option Program |
6-6 |
|
6.5.1 |
Bench-Scale Testing |
6-7 |
|
6.5.2 |
Market Assessment and Commercial Applicability |
6-9 |
|
7. |
Bibliography |
7-1 |
