1.

Objective

1

2.

Executive Summary

1

2.1

Gasification of Graphite

1

2.2

Gasification of Coals, Chars, and Petroleum Cokes

2

3.

Introduction

4

4.

Background

4

5.

Experimental

5

5.1

Equipment

5

5.2

Catalysts

7

5.3

Operating Conditions

7

6.

Results

8

6.1

Catalytic Steam Gasification of Graphite

8

6.1.1

Alkali or Earth Alkali Catalysts

8

6.1.2

Binary Catalysts

13

6.1.3

Mechanism of the Graphite-Catalyst-Steam Interaction

22

6.2

Steam Gasification of Chars

31

6.2.1

Potassium-Nickel Oxide Catalysts

31

6.2.2

Potassium-Calcium Oxide Catalysts

37

6.2.3

Ternary Catalysts

44

6.2.4

Operation at Elevated Pressure

45

6.2.5

Chars Prepared in the Presence of Alkali

47

6.2.6

Use of Alkali by Steam Entrainment

50

6.3

Steam Gasification of Coals

53

6.3.1

Kinetics

53

6.3.2

Catalyst Modifications

58

6.4

Steam Gasification of Petroleum Cokes

62

7.

Conclusions

66

8.

References

67

9.

Appendix

68

9.1

Publications of Work Performed Under This Contract

68

10.

Acknowledgements

70