| Abstract |
iii |
| Acknowledgements |
iv |
| Table of Contents |
v |
| List of Tables |
vi |
| List of Figures |
vii |
| Executive Summary |
x |
| Chapter 1 Introduction |
1-1 |
|
1.1 |
Contact Objectives |
1-1 |
|
1.2 |
Background |
1-1 |
| |
1.2.1 |
Coal-Based IGCC Systems |
1-1 |
|
1.2.2 |
High-Temperature Desulfurization Systems |
1-3 |
|
1.2.3 |
Sorbent Development |
1-6 |
|
1.2.4 |
Zinc Titanate Chemistry |
1-8 |
|
1.2.5 |
Moving-Bed Applications |
1-9 |
|
1.2.6 |
Fluidized-Bed Applications |
1-9 |
|
1.3 |
Project Description |
1-9 |
| Chapter 2 Experimental Procedures |
2-1 |
|
2.1 |
Sorbent Fabrication Parameters |
2-1 |
|
2.2 |
Characterization Techniques |
2-2 |
| |
2.2.1 |
Kinetic Performance |
2-2 |
| |
2.2.1.1 |
TGA Chemical Reactivity |
2-2 |
|
2.2.2 |
Chemical Composition |
2-3 |
|
2.2.3 |
Mechanical Strength |
2-3 |
|
2.2.4 |
Physical Morphology |
2-3 |
| |
2.2.4.1 |
Pore Size Distribution by Mercury Porosimetry |
2-3 |
|
2.2.4.2 |
Sieving |
2-4 |
|
2.3 |
Provision of Bench-Scale Reactor (Task 3) |
2-4 |
| |
2.3.1 |
Bench-Scale Reactor Testing |
2-5 |
| Chapter 3 Results and Discussion |
3-1 |
|
3.1 |
Nepa Report |
3-1 |
|
3.2 |
Evaluation of Metal Oxides as
Regenerable Sorbents |
3-1 |
| |
3.2.1 |
Thermodynamic Calculations |
3-1 |
|
3.2.2 |
Selection of Metal Oxides for
Desulfurization |
3-5 |
|
3.3 |
Sorbent Preparation and Bench Reactor
Testing |
3-7 |
| |
3.3.1 |
Testing of UCI-GE Zinc Titanate Sorbents |
3-7 |
|
3.3.2 |
Screening of Sorbents Containing
Mixed-Metal Oxides |
3-7 |
|
3.3.3 |
Evaluation of Molybdenum-Containing Zinc
Titanate Sorbents |
3-9 |
| |
3.3.3.1 |
Screening of Laboratory Formulations at
GE-CRD |
3-9 |
|
3.3.3.2 |
50-Cycle of Bench Test at Research
Triangle Institute |
3-11 |
|
3.3.3.3 |
Pilot Plant Test 8 Results |
3-17 |
|
3.3.3.4 |
Zinc Titanate Structure Determination
After Sulfidation/Regeneration Cycles |
3-20 |
|
3.3.3.5 |
Regeneration of Mo-Doped Zinc Titanate
Formulations at Higher Pressure and Higher SO2
Concentrations |
3-21 |
|
3.3.4 |
Modified Zinc Titanates (MZT's) with
Additives |
3-27 |
| |
3.3.4.1 |
Powder MZT Testing |
3-27 |
|
3.3.4.2 |
Pelletized MZT Sorbent Testing |
3-31 |
|
|
3.3.4.2.1 |
Mechanical Durability of Fresh Pelletized Sorbents |
3-31 |
|
3.3.4.2.2 |
Desulfurization and Regeneration Characteristics |
3-32 |
|
3.3.4.2.3 |
Sulfate Formation During Regeneration |
3-36 |
|
3.3.4.2.4 |
Temperature Range of Desulfurization of Single
Pellets |
3-36 |
|
3.3.4.3 |
CRD Bench Reactor Tests |
3-38 |
| |
3.3.4.3.1 |
Mechanical Durability of Cycled Formulations |
3-43 |
|
3.3.4.3.2 |
Bench-Scale Extended Multicycle Tests at Ge-CRD |
3-45 |
|
3.3.4.3.3 |
Desulfurization and Regeneration Performance at
371ºC (700ºF) Temperatures |
3-48 |
|
3.3.4.4 |
RTI's Independent Bench Evaluation |
3-51 |
|
3.3.5 |
Evaluation of Chemetals Manganese Oxide
Sorbents |
3-54 |
|
3.3.6 |
Evaluation of ICCI-2C Zinc Titanate
Sorbent |
3-62 |
|
3.4 |
Task 5 - Sorbent Cost Assessment |
3-68 |
|
3.5 |
Task 6 - Topical Report |
3-71 |
|
3.6 |
Task 7 - Market Plan |
3-72 |
| Chapter 4 Conclusions |
4-1 |
|
4.1 |
Conclusions |
4-1 |
|
4.2 |
Recommendations |
4-4 |
