Return to DOE Report Table of Contents

Liquefaction and Chemical Refining of Coal - 1974

Bearse, A.
Berry, D.
Feldman, H.
Genco, J.
Grotta, H.
Hillenbrand, L.
Oxley, J.
Rosenberg, H.
Stambaugh, E.

Battelle Columbus Labs

Table of Contents 133kb

Section 1
565kb		 Foreword i
Introduction 1
  Technology Summary 1
  Aqueous Leaching Processes 1
Solvent Refining Process 2
Catalytic Hydrogenation Process 2
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 3
Pyrolytic or Carbonization Processes 4
Cost Summary 4
Technology Discussion 6
  Aqueous Leaching Processes 8
  Ferric Salt Leaching 12
Southern Research Institute Process 14
U.S. Bureau of Mines Process 14
Kennecott Copper Corporation 14
Solvent Refining Processes 14
  Pott-Broche Process 15
Section 2
480kb		 The Solvent Refined Coal Process 17
CONSOL Synthetic Fuel Process 23
University of Utah 24
Underground Liquefaction 24
Economic Evaluation of Solvent Refining 24
Catalytic Hydrogenation Processes 28
Section 3
571kb		   Bergius Catalytic Hydrogenation 35
Low Temperature Hydrogenation 40
U.S. Bureau of Mines Adaptation 40
Union Carbide 42
CONSOL Synthetic Fuel Process 43
  Extraction 43
Solids Removal 43
Water Washing 45
Distillation 45
Hydrogenation 45
Solvent Recovery 45
Hydrocracking with Zinc Chloride 46
H-Coal Process 48
Section 4
611kb		 Other Hydrogenation Processes 55
  Schulman Patent 55
Hoffman Patent 57
Schraeder Process 57
Tin Chloride Hydrogenation 57
Battelle Hydrogenation 57
Active Studies by Oil Companies 57
Chemical Production 59
Economic Evaluation 63
Fischer-Tropsch Processes and Related Syntheses 63
  Thermodynamic Limitations 64
Kinetics and Catalysis 68
  Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide 68
Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide 70
Reactions With Water Vapor 73
Production of Liquid Hydrocarbons 74
Section 5
881kb		 Production of Gaseous Hydrocarbons 78
Production of Methanol 79
Economic Evaluation 79
Pyrolytic or Carbonization Processes 80
  Indirect Heating 81
Direct Heating 81
Process Development 81
  Project COED 81
Project Seacoke 82
Toscoal Process 82
Garrett Process 82
Selective Desulfurization 85
  Steam 85
Air 86
Other Gases 86
Economic Evaluation 87
Research and Development Needs 87
  Aqueous Leaching Processes 91
Solvent Refining Processes 91
Catalytic Hydrogenation Processes 95
Fischer-Tropsch and Related Syntheses 96
Pyrolytic or Carbonization Processes 98
References 99
Appendix
List of Acronyms A-1