1.0

Introduction

1

1.1

Objective

1

1.2

Conceptual Design of Granular-Bed Filters for Multi-Contaminant Control

1

1.3

Background Information

2

1.3.1

Limestone for Sulfur Control

3

1.3.1.1

Limestone for the Control of  Hydrogen Sulfide

5

1.3.1.2

Limestone for the Control of Sulfur Dioxide

10

1.3.2

Limestone for Halogen Control

10

1.3.3

Clay for Alkali Control

12

1.3.4

Clay for Trace Metals Control

13

1.3.5

Limestone/Clay Media for Combined Sulfur, Alkali, Halogen, and Trace Metals Control

14

2.0

Filter Media Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation

15

2.1

Manufacturing Parameters

15

2.1.1

Particle Size

16

2.1.2

Binder Type

17

2.1.3

Binder Content

18

2.1.4

Pelletization Equipment

20

2.1.5

Test Matrix of Sorbent Formulations

20

2.2

Experimental Test Plan

22

2.2.1

Sorbent Preparation

22

2.2.2

Physical Characterization of Sorbents

23

2.2.3

Chemical Reactivity

27

2.2.4

Chemical Analysis

32

2.2.5

Modeling of Sorbent Reactivity

33

2.3

Performance Evaluation

33

2.3.1

Performance Criteria

33

3.0

Pilot Plant Testing

37

3.1

Introduction

37

3.2

Design of Modifications

37

3.3

Preparation of Reactive Media for Test Program

37

3.4

Modification of GBF at the PSDF

38

3.5

Testing at the PSDF

38

4.0

Cost Estimate

41

5.0

References

42