Return to DOE Report Table of Contents

Assessment of Technology for the Liquefaction of Coal - 1977

AD HOC Panel on Liquefaction of Coal

Table of Contents (542kb)

I

 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations (417kb) 1
 

A

 Summary 1

B

 Conclusions 2

C

 Recommendations 5

II

 Introduction (183kb) 7

III

 The Chemistry of Coal Liquefaction (541kb) 13

IV

 Technology and Processes (3.29MB) 23
 

A

 Background 23

B

 Pyrolysis and Hydrocarbonization 26
 

1

 Lurgi-Ruhrgas Process 29

2

 COED (FMC) Process 29

3

 Occidental Pyrolysis Process 34
4 Toscoal Process 36
5 U. S. Steel Clean-Coke Process 36
6 Coalcon Process 39
7 Other Processes 41
C

Solvent Extraction

 43
  1 Consol Synthetic Fuel (CSF) Process 45
2 Solvent-Refined Coal (SRC) Process 47
3 Solvent-Refined Lignite (SRL) Process 50
4 Costream Process 52
5 Exxon Donor Solvent Process 55
6 Other Processes 58
D Catalytic Liquefaction 60
  1 Bergius Process 62
2 H-Coal Process 64
3 Synthoil Process 67
4 Gulf Catalytic Coal Liquids (CCL) Process 67
5 C-E Lummus Clean Fuel from Coal (CFFC) Process 71
6 University of Utah Process 73
7 Schroeder Process 75
8 Liquid-Phase Zinc Chloride Processes 75
9 Other Processes 79
E Indirect Liquefaction 79
  1 Fischer-Tropsch Process 80
2 Methanol Synthesis 83
3 Methanol to Gasoline 83
V Technical Evaluation of Processes (1.27MB) 91
  A General 91
  1 Unit Size 91
2 Physical Variables 92
3 Recovery and Regeneration of Catalysts 95
4 Materials of Construction 96
B Pyrolysis and Hydrocarbonization Processes 97
  1 Types of Processes 97
2 Pyrolysis Reactors 97
3 Pyrolysis of Caking Coals 98
4 Product Qualities and Disposition 98
C Solvent Extraction 98
  1 Extraction in the Absence of Hydrogen with a Hydrogenated Solvent 98
2 Extraction in the Presence of Hydrogen with a Recycle Material that has not been Hydrogenated 99
3 Extraction in the Presence of Hydrogen with a Hydrogen with a Hydrogenated Solvent 100
D Catalytic Liquefaction 100
  1 Liquefaction of Coal Impregnated with Catalysts 101
2 Liquefaction of Coal in Catalytic-Bed Reactors 102
E Indirect Liquefaction 104
  1 Fischer-Tropsch Process 105
2 Methanol Process 105
VI Environmental Consideration (1.2MB) 111
  A

Introduction

 111
B Coal Mining 111
C Liquefaction Plant Discharges 112
  1 Water Management 113
2 Gaseous Effluent 113
3 Solids Discharge 114
4 Trace Elements 114
5 Appraisal of Emission Impact: Current Status 114
D Occupational Exposure 115
  1 Noise 115
2 Health 115
E Community Exposure 116
F Consumer Exposure 116
G Combustion Characteristics 117
  1 Liquid Boiler Fuels 118
2 Gas Turbine Fuels 120
3 Transportation Fuels 121
H Research and Development - Needs and Activities 121
  1 Needs 121
2 Establishment of New Source Performance Standards 121
3 Research and Development Activities 122
I Recommendations 125
VII Economics (957kb) 131
  A Introduction 131
B Pyrolysis Process 134
C Solvent Extraction Process 137
D Catalytic Liquefaction Process 137
E Fischer-Tropsch Process 137
F Methanol Process 137
G Time, Capital, and Material Requirements for a Synthetic Crude Oil Industry 145
H Recommended Development Procedures and Requirements for Lower Cost Liquefaction Processes 148
VIII The Role of Education and Communication (146kb) 153