Assessment of Trace Contaminants from a Model Indirect Liquefaction Facility. Volume I. Summary and Conclusions

Assessment of Trace Contaminants from a Model Indirect Liquefaction Facility
Volume I - Summary and Conclusions

Antizzo, J.V.
Britt, D. L.
Goldstein, M. E.
Hinkley, A. D.
Kenkeremath, N.
Mathers, P. H.
McNeal, J. P.

Part 1
List of Figures				iv
List of Tables				v
Executive Summary				x
1.	Introduction			1
	1.1	Background and Purpose		1
	1.2	Overview		2
	1.3	Organization of the Report		5
2.	Facility and Stream Characterization			6
	2.1	Overview		6
	2.2	Identification of Classes of Compounds of Environmental Concern		6
	2.3	Design of Hypothetical Commercial-Scale Lurgi/Fischer-Tropsch Facility		7
		2.3.1	Process Description	8
		2.3.2	Facility Environmental Controls	13
	2.4	Development of Facility Mass Balance		15
	2.5	Selection of Priority Streams for the Assessment		15
	2.6	Characterization of Priority Streams		16
		2.6.1	Characterization of Aqueous Streams	16
		2.6.2	Characterization of Gaseous Streams	28
		2.6.3	Characterization of Solid Streams	36
		2.6.4	Streams Not Addressed	47
3.	Ecological Assessment			48
	3.1	Introduction		48
	3.2	Methodology		48
	3.3	Results		56
	3.4	Discussion		81
		3.4.1	Aquatic Ecosystem	85
		3.4.2	Terrestrial Ecosystem	86
Part 2
4.	Public Health Assessment			88
	4.1	Introduction		88
	4.2	Methodology		89
	4.3	Results		101
		4.3.1	Comparison of Projected Ambient Concentrations with Acceptable Exposure Levels	101
		4.3.2	Body Burdens	125
	4.4		Discussion	130
		4.4.1	Atmospheric Concerns	130
		4.4.2	Aquatic Concerns	135
		4.4.3	Substances of Concern	138
5.	Occupational Health Assessment			141
	5.1	Introduction		141
	5.2	Methodology		142
	5.3	Selection of Indicator Compounds		147
	5.4	Results		147
	5.5	Discussion		151
6.	Conclusion			154
	6.1	Overview		154
	6.2	Categorization of Facility Streams by Hazard Level		155
		6.2.1	Utility Stack Gas (Stream 28)	155
		6.2.2	Cooling Tower Atmospheric Losses (Stream 29)	164
		6.2.3	Coal Lockhopper Vent Gas (Stream 72)	165
		6.2.4	Reverse Osmosis Concentrated Wastes (Stream 53)	166
		6.2.5	Leachate from Ash and FGD Sludge (Stream 69)	172
		6.2.6	Biosludge Leachate (Stream 71)	173
		6.2.7	Process Streams (Streams 7-18, 51, 55, 56, 66 and 68)	175
	6.3	Categorization of Chemical Classes by Hazard Level		175
		6.3.1	Trace Elements	175
		6.3.2	Aliphatics, Alicyclics, and Fatty Acids	183
		6.3.3	Benzenes and Substituted Benzenes	183
		6.3.4	Phenols	183
		6.3.5	Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons	184
		6.3.6	Sulfur, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Heterocyclics	185
		6.3.7	Mercaptans	186
		6.3.8	Aromatic Amines	186
		6.3.9	Nitrosamines	187
		6.3.10	Ammonia	187
		6.3.11	Carbonyl Sulfide	188
		6.3.12	Hydrogen Cyanide	188
		6.3.13	Hydrogen Sulfide	188
		6.3.14	Nickel Carbonyl	188
		6.3.15	Carbon Dioxide	189
		6.3.16	Tars and Oils	189
		6.3.17	Nitrogen Oxides and Sulfur Oxides	190
		6.3.18	Final Analysis of Hazard Categories for Chemical Classes	191
	6.4	Summary of Conclusions		191
References				194
Appendix				A-1