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Assessment of Trace Contaminants from a Model Indirect Liquefaction Facility
Volume I - Summary and Conclusions

Antizzo, J.V.
Britt, D. L.
Goldstein, M. E.
Hinkley, A. D.
Kenkeremath, N.
Mathers, P. H.
McNeal, J. P.

General Research Corporation

Part 1 of this document has 87 pages and is 4.88MB

Part 2 of this document has 144 pages and is 5.66MB.

Table of Contents

Part 1  
List of Figures iv
List of Tables    v
Executive Summary  x
1. Introduction     1
  1.1  Background and Purpose  1
1.2 Overview 2
1.3 Organization of the Report   5
2. Facility and Stream Characterization 6
  2.1  Overview 6
2.2 Identification of Classes of Compounds of Environmental Concern 6
2.3 Design of Hypothetical Commercial-Scale Lurgi/Fischer-Tropsch Facility 7
  2.3.1  Process Description 8
2.3.2 Facility Environmental Controls  13
2.4 Development of Facility Mass Balance  15
2.5 Selection of Priority Streams for the Assessment  15
2.6 Characterization of Priority Streams 16
  2.6.1 Characterization of Aqueous Streams  16
2.6.2 Characterization of Gaseous Streams  28
2.6.3 Characterization of Solid Streams 36
2.6.4  Streams Not Addressed  47
3.  Ecological Assessment  48
  3.1 Introduction   48
3.2 Methodology 48
3.3 Results  56
3.4 Discussion 81
  3.4.1  Aquatic Ecosystem 85
3.4.2 Terrestrial Ecosystem 86
Part 2  
4.  Public Health Assessment  88
  4.1  Introduction 88
4.2 Methodology 89
4.3 Results  101
  4.3.1 Comparison of Projected Ambient Concentrations with Acceptable Exposure Levels 101
4.3.2 Body Burdens 125
4.4   Discussion 130
  4.4.1 Atmospheric Concerns 130
4.4.2 Aquatic Concerns 135
4.4.3 Substances of Concern 138
5. Occupational Health Assessment 141
  5.1 Introduction    141
5.2  Methodology 142
5.3 Selection of Indicator Compounds 147
5.4 Results 147
5.5  Discussion 151
6.  Conclusion  154
  6.1 Overview 154
6.2 Categorization of Facility Streams by Hazard Level 155
  6.2.1   Utility Stack Gas (Stream 28) 155
6.2.2 Cooling Tower Atmospheric Losses (Stream 29) 164
6.2.3 Coal Lockhopper Vent Gas (Stream 72) 165
6.2.4 Reverse Osmosis Concentrated Wastes (Stream 53) 166
6.2.5 Leachate from Ash and FGD Sludge (Stream 69) 172
6.2.6  Biosludge Leachate (Stream 71) 173
6.2.7 Process Streams (Streams 7-18, 51, 55, 56, 66 and 68) 175
  6.3 Categorization of Chemical Classes by Hazard Level  175
    6.3.1 Trace Elements 175
6.3.2 Aliphatics, Alicyclics, and Fatty Acids 183
6.3.3 Benzenes and Substituted Benzenes  183
6.3.4 Phenols 183
6.3.5 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons 184
6.3.6 Sulfur, Oxygen, and Nitrogen Heterocyclics 185
6.3.7 Mercaptans  186
6.3.8 Aromatic Amines 186
6.3.9 Nitrosamines 187
6.3.10 Ammonia 187
6.3.11 Carbonyl Sulfide 188
6.3.12 Hydrogen Cyanide  188
6.3.13 Hydrogen Sulfide 188
6.3.14 Nickel Carbonyl  188
6.3.15 Carbon Dioxide 189
6.3.16 Tars and Oils 189
6.3.17 Nitrogen Oxides and Sulfur Oxides 190
6.3.18 Final Analysis of Hazard Categories for Chemical Classes 191
  6.4  Summary of Conclusions  191
References 194
Appendix A-1