| Preface |
ii |
| Summary |
1 |
|
1 |
Introduction |
3 |
| |
1.1 |
Program Objective |
4 |
|
1.2 |
General Method of Approach |
4 |
|
2 |
Technical Discussion |
6 |
| |
2.1 |
Tasks to be Performed |
6 |
|
2.2 |
Materials and Methods |
6 |
| |
2.2.1 |
Test Fuels |
6 |
|
2.2.2 |
Test Compounds |
6 |
|
2.2.3 |
Accelerated Storage Stability Test |
7 |
|
2.3 |
Literature Review |
9 |
| |
2.3.1 |
Review of Current Knowledge with Respect to
Trace Impurities and Fuel Stability |
10 |
| |
2.3.1.1 |
Nitrogen Compounds in Petroleum Derived Fuels |
10 |
|
2.3.1.2 |
Stability Consideration in Petroleum Based Fuels |
11 |
|
2.3.1.3 |
Role of Nitrogen Compounds in Fuel Instability |
13 |
|
2.3.1.4 |
Nitrogen Compounds and Color Stability in Hydrocarbon Fuels |
18 |
|
2.3.1.5 |
Studies with Actual Shale Liquids |
18 |
|
2.3.1.6 |
Nitrogen Compounds in Shale Liquids |
20 |
|
2.3.1.7 |
Nitrogen Levels and Specific Nitrogen Compounds in Coal and
Coal Liquids |
21 |
|
2.3.1.8 |
Stability Studies of Coal Liquids |
25 |
|
2.4 |
Results of Accelerated Storage Tests using
Single, Pure Compounds |
26 |
| |
2.4.1 |
Improvements in Accelerated Storage Test
Procedures |
26 |
|
2.4.2 |
Results of Accelerated Storage Tests with
Various Nitrogen Compounds |
26 |
| |
2.4.2.1 |
Color and Sediment Formation with Pyroles and Indoles in
Various Base Fuels |
29 |
|
2.4.3 |
Effects of Other Nitrogen Compounds on Sediment
Formation in No. 2 Diesel Fuel |
39 |
|
2.4.4 |
Effects of Structure on Tendency Toward Sediment
Formation |
39 |
|
2.4.5 |
Studies with Sulfur and Oxygen Compounds |
45 |
|
2.5 |
Interactions Between Pure Compounds |
45 |
| |
2.5.1 |
Interactions Between Pairs of Nitrogen Compounds |
48 |
|
2.5.2 |
Interactions Between Nitrogen Compounds and
Sulfur or Oxygen Compounds |
52 |
|
2.5.3 |
Effects of Deconic Acid |
57 |
|
2.6 |
Effects of Hydrocarbon Content of base fuel on
Sediment Formation |
57 |
|
2.7 |
Effects of Storage Temperature-Estimation of
Apparent Activation Energy |
60 |
|
2.8 |
Effects of Dissolved Oxygen |
65 |
|
3 |
Conclusions and Recommendations |
67 |
|
4 |
References |
70 |
