T. P. 709 - Synthetic Liquid Fuels From Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide. Part 1. Review of Literature

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Section 1 1849kb	Introduction						1
	Acknowledgments						2
	Review of literature						2
		Introduction					2
			1913-28				2
			1928-32				2
		Industrial development					6
			German expansion of commercial plants using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis				6
			Special application of Fischer-Tropsch reaction in Germany				8
				Synthesis of isoparaffins and aromatic hydrocarbons			8
				Manufacture of higher alcohols in Germany by modified Fischer-Tropsch synthesis			9
			Fischer-Tropsch plants in Japan				10
			Great Britain				10
			Italy, Australia, Scotland, Spain, and Canada				11
			United States				12
			General reviews				13
		Engineering development					15
			Indirect heat-transfer reactors				15
				Multistage operation			15
				Normal-pressure operation			19
				Medium-pressure operation			20
				Fluidized fixed bed, internal heat exchanger			21
				Light-hydrocarbon-product recovery			21
				Recycle operations			21
					Cobalt catalysts		21
					Iron catalysts		22
			Direct heat-transfer operation				23
				Gaseous heat-transfer reactors			23
					Hot-gas recycle		23
					Fluidized fixed bed external heat exchanger		24
				Liquid heat-transfer operation			24
					Foam process		24
					Modified foam process		24
					Disadvantages of foam process		24
					Duftschmid process		25
					Solid heat-transfer operation		25
			Catalysts				26
				Nickel catalysts			26
				Cobalt-nickel catalysts			27
Section 2 1735kb				Cobalt catalysts			28
					Fischer's cobalt catalysts		28
					German commercial normal cobalt catalysts		28
					Other cobalt catalysts		28
					Preparation of cobalt catalysts		29
					Conditioning of nickel and cobalt catalysts		32
					Reactivation of cobalt catalysts		33
					Recovery of spent cobalt catalysts		34
					Analysis of cobalt catalysts		35
				Iron catalysts			35
					Iron-copper catalysts		35
					Sintered-iron catalysts		38
					Effect of alkali addition in precipitated-iron catalysts		38
					Conditioning of iron catalysts		39
				Ruthenium catalysts			39
				Effect of carrier on catalysts			39
				Effect of sulfur compounds on catalyst activity			40
			Pressure, diluents, hydrogen : carbon monoxide ratio, throughput, temperature, absorption, and probable reaction mechanism				42
				Effect of pressure			42
				Effect of diluents			45
				Hydrogen : carbon monoxide ration			45
				Throughput			46
				Temperature			49
				Adsorption			50
				Discussion of reaction mechanism			51
				Energy of activation			55
Section 3 1789kb			Properties of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products				56
				Primary products			56
					Kogasin		56
					Diesel oil		57
					Paraffin wax		58
					Fatty acids		59
				Secondary products			59
					Gasol		59
					Gasoline		59
						Refining primary gasoline	59
						Cracking of primary liquid products	60
						Storage tests	61
						Determination of octane number	62
					Lubricating oil		62
					Fatty acids and related products		65
					Miscellaneous products		67
				Fischer-Tropsch cost estimates			68
			Bureau of Mines research on effect of catalyst preparation, reduction, and induction procedures on activity				71
				Catalyst-testing experiments			71
					Introduction and summary		71
					Preparation of catalyst		75
					Description of apparatus		77
Section 4 1018kb					Synthesis-gas manufacture		88
					Conditioning procedures		88
					Reactivation procedures		90
				Effect of variations in methods of catalyst preparation, reduction, induction, and synthesis conditions on activity and durability			91
					Iron catalysts		91
						Deleterious effect of chlorides on unpromoted iron catalysts prepared from ferric salts	97
						Effect of alkali on activity of unprompted iron catalysts	97
						Effect of conditions of precipitation of active unpromoted iron catalysts	98
						Effect of different induction procedures and operating pressures for unpromoted iron catalysts	98
						Tests on promoted iron catalysts	103
Section 5 1011kb					Nickel and cobalt catalysts		108
						Preliminary tests using Hyflo Super-Cel as carrier; durability test at 100 p. s .i. and effect of nitrogen in the synthesis gas	108
						Later tests on promoted cobalt catalysts: Reproducibility of catalyst preparations and tests, comparison of 30- and 90-cm. catalyst depths, effect of different induction procedures, efficiencies of different kieselguhrs as carriers, space-time yield at different space velocities, and variation of reaction temperature with flow at constant contraction	112
						Characteristics of products from cobalt catalysts	129
Section 6 1512kb			Correlation of physical properties of catalysts with their activity				131
				X-ray diffraction patterns and magnetic properties of iron catalysts			131
					Introduction		131
					Experimental methods		132
						X-ray diffraction studies	132
						Magnetic studies	132
					Ferric oxides and ferric oxide hydrates		137
					X-ray diffraction studies of unpromoted iron catalysts		144
					Magnetic studies of unpromoted iron catalysts		151
Section 7 1565kb					Magnetic and X-ray diffraction studies of promoted iron catalysts		156
				Surface properties of Fischer-Tropsch catalysts			158
					Cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts		159
					Iron Fischer-Tropsch catalysts		171
			Appendix on preparation of catalysts				173
				Preparation of unpromoted iron catalysts			173
					Preparation of No. 10 catalysts		174
					Preparation of No. 47 catalysts		175
					Preparation of No. 50 catalysts		175
					Preparation of No. 68 catalysts		176
					Preparation of other unpromoted iron catalysts		177
					Preparation of promoted iron catalysts		178
						Preparation of Ruhrchemie iron catalysts	180
					Preparation of cobalt and nickel catalysts		181
				Equipment used in preparing catalysts			184
Section 8 1336kb			Indexes				187
				Numerical patent index			187
				Author index			190
				Subject index			195