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Section 1 526kb	Introduction			1
	Summary			2
	Acknowledgments			4
	Origin, composition, and properties of coal			5
		Inspection, sampling, and analysis		5
			Analyses of miscellaneous materials	7
		Constitution, properties, and analytical methods		7
			Coal classification	7
			Petrographic studies of coal	8
			Electron microscopy of coal	8
			Extractable waxes from American lignites	9
Section 2 541kb	Coal Mining			10
		Coal investigations		10
			Alaska	10
			Greek lignite	10
			Georges Creek, Md.	10
			Study of coking-coal reserves	12
		Mining methods and practices		12
			Bull Mountain, Mont.	12
			Iowa	12
			Mechanical mining studies	13
			Anthracite mechanical mining research	13
			Compressed-air receivers	14
			Studies on the use of Diesel engines underground	14
			Coal-mining practices in Germany and Japan	15
			Control of coal-mine fires	15
			Decreasing explosive hazards underground	16
			Toxic mine atmospheres	16
			Roof control	18
			Anthracite flood prevention	18
	Preparation of coal			19
		Coal washing		19
			Cyclone thickener performance tests	19
			Coal-preparation bibliography	19
			Preparation characteristics of Illinois coals	20
			Preparation characteristics of Cumberland Plateau, Tenn., coal	20
		Upgrading marginal coking coals by coal-preparation methods		20
Section 3 534kb		Coal preparation for synthetic fuels		21
		Briquetting of coal		22
		Drying low-rank coals		22
			Rocky Mountain coals	22
			Lignite	23
		Storage of coal		23
			Low-rank Rocky Mountain coals	23
			Lignite	23
			Storage of dried lignite	24
	Utilization of coal for combustion			24
		Fuel-engineering service		24
			Boiler feed-water conditioning	25
			Boiler-water research	27
			Smoke abatement	28
		Combustion		28
			Corrosion of wall tubes in steam generators	28
Section 4 580kb			Factors affecting heat absorption in furnaces	29
			Steam-dried lignite	29
	Carbonization of coal			30
		Coke production		30
		Survey of carbonizing properties of American coals		30
			Methods of testing	33
			Coals tested	34
			Sewell-bed coal	34
			British Columbia, Alaska, and Western Coals	35
			Lower Banner coal, Russell County, Va.	35
			Thick Freeport and Pittsburgh coals, Pennsylvania; Elkhorn coal, Kentucky; and American and Mary Lee coals, Alabama	36
		Testing Alabama Coals in the 17-inch test oven		36
		Foundry cokes form Sunnyside coal, Utah		36
		Low-temperature carbonization of noncoking coals		37
		Desulfurization during carbonization with added gases		39
		Ammonium sulfate yields		40
Section 5 609kb		Expanding properties of coal during coking		40
		Plasticity of coals		43
		Coke properties		43
		Oxidizing properties of bituminous coals		43
	Gasification of coal, coke, and lignite			45
		Lignite		45
		Underground gasification		45
			Second field-scale experiment at Gorgas, Ala.	46
	Research on the production of synthesis gas			48
		Gasification of pulverized coal		48
			Pulverized-fuel-gasification pilot plant	48
Section 6 500kb			High-pressure gasification	49
			Purification pilot plant	49
			Laboratory-scale experimentation	49
		Production of synthesis gas		51
			Gas treating and testing	51
			Vortex combustion studies for powdered-coal gasification	52
			Oxygen production by multistage fractional permeation	53
			Synthesis-gas production	54
Section 7 638kb	Liquefaction of coal by direct hydrogenation: Research and development			55
		Function of solvents and catalysts in early stages of coal hydrogenation		55
			Action of solvents	55
			Catalysts for coal hydrogenation; reaction mechanism	56
		Bench-scale process development		58
			Dependence of coal hydrogenation on operating variables	58
			Hydrogenation of coal in the absence of solvents	59
		Pilot-plant operations		59
		Separation and identification of products of coal hydrogenation		60
			Phenols in coal-hydrogenation oils	60
		Characterization of coal		61
	Liquefaction of coal by hydrogenation of carbon monoxide: Research and development			62
		Reaction mechanism studies		62
			Metallic carbides: The magnetic balance	62
			Reaction-rate studies	63
Section 8 484kb			Effect of reduction of metal oxide catalysts	64
		Separation and identification of products of hydrogenation of carbon monoxide		65
			Homologation of alcohols	66
		Study of fundamental properties of fixed and fluidized beds		67
		Pilot-plant synthesis of hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen		67
	Synthetic liquid fuels demonstration plants			68
		Coal-hydrogenation plant		68
		Gas-synthesis plant		72
			Oxygen production	72
			Koppers powdered-coal gasifier	72
Section 9 391kb			Kerpely gas producer	73
		Engineering studies and cost estimates		73
		Technical reports and foreign document work		80
			Abstracts and bibliographies	80
			Foreign documents	80

2 Assistant to the chief, Fuels and Explosives Division, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D. C.