Untitled Document

					Page
Summary					1
Introduction					3
	Acknowledgment				3
Preparation and properties of catalysts					4
	Cobalt catalysts				4
		Physical properties			4
			Unreduced catalysts		4
			Reduced catalysts		6
				Structure	6
				Surface area and pore volume	7
			Carburized catalysts		15
			Used catalysts		16
		Reduction of cobalt catalysts			17
		Kieselguhr in cobalt catalysts			18
			Properties		18
			Function		20
		Cobalt carbide			21
			Preparation and identification		21
			Rate of carbide formation		23
			Formation of free carbon		24
			Thermal stability of cobalt carbide		26
	Iron catalysts				28
		Preparation			28
			Precipitated catalysts		28
			Fused-magnetite catalysts		29
			Cemented catalysts		30
			Catalysts from commercially available sources of iron		33
		Physical properties of iron catalysts			33
			Crystal structure of fused catalysts		33
			Surface areas and pore volumes		34
				Fused-magnetite catalysts	34
				Structural changes during reduction of fused catalysts	36
				Precipitated-iron catalysts	42
				Cemented catalysts	45
		Rate of reduction of fused-iron catalysts			45
			General rate equation		45
			Catalyst composition and particle size		46
			Influence of operating variables		47
				Flow of hydrogen	47
				Composition of reducing gas	47
				Temperature	49
				Pressure	49
		Iron carbides			50
			Preparation and identification		50
			Some reactions of iron carbides		53
		Nitrides and carbonitrides of iron			54
Studies of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis					56
	Cobalt catalysts				56
		Cobalt carbide in the synthesis			56
			Synthesis test of carbided catalysts		57
			Evidence that bulk cobalt carbide is not formed during synthesis		62
		Effect of operating variables			63
			Temperature		63
			Pressure		63
			Composition and flow of synthesis gas		65
			Effect of pelleting		66
		Kinetics and selectivity			66
		Activity related to surface area			71
	Iron catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis				72
		Chemical and physical nature of catalysts			74
			Method of preparation		74
				Precipitated-iron catalysts	74
				Fused-iron catalysts	77
				Cemented- and sintered-iron catalysts	79
				Catalysts from commercially available sources of iron	83
			Effect of alkali content		85
			Particle size and pelleting		87
			Pretreatment of iron catalysts		89
				Fused-iron catalysts	90
				Precipitated-iron catalysts	94
				Alkalized goethite ore	97
			Phase changes during synthesis		97
			Influence of operating variables		101
				Variation of conversion with space velocity and temperature	101
				Pressure	101
				Composition of synthesis gas	105
				Influence of operating variables and composition of catalysts on usage ratio	108
Selectivity of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis					112
	Carbon-number distribution				112
	Isomer distribution				119
	Mechanism of chain growth based on isomer and carbon-number distribution				121
Appendix					127
	Experimental methods for pretreating iron catalysts				127
	Improved caustic scrubber				127
	Gas-sampling tube for fixed-bed reactor				129
	Adsorption and density vessel				129
	Thermomagnetic analysis				129
	Ferromagnetic measurement of reactions in solids				135
	Loading device for extruding samples for X-ray diffraction analysis				136
	Preparation of samples for electron microscope				136
	Preparation of carbon monoxide enriched in C¹³				138

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