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Synthetic Liquid Fuels Annual Report of the Secretary of the Interior for 1953 Part 1 - Oil From Coal

					Page
Preface
Introduction					i
Part I - Oil from Coal
Research and Development, Coal-to-Oil Laboratories and Pilot Plants, Bruceton and Pittsburgh, Pa					1
	Synthesis of liquid fuels from hydrogen and carbon monoxide				1
		Process development			1
			Pilot-plant operations		1
				Oil-circulation process	1
				Removal of carbon dioxide from synthesis gas	2
			Bench-scale experiments		3
				Catalyst-oil slurry process	3
				Hot-gas-recycle process	4
		Catalyst-testing studies			4
			Fused iron		5
			Massive iron		5
				Steel spheres	5
				Lathe turnings	6
		Catalyst characterization, kinetics, and reaction mechanism			6
			Catalyst studies		6
			Behavior of carbides		7
			Kinetics of the synthesis		7
			Reactions of synthesis gas in presence of metal carbonyls		8
		Analytical methods			10
			Separation and identification of Fischer-Tropsch products		10
			Spectrometric analysis of alcohol mixtures		11
			Sulfur analysis of synthesis gas		12
	Synthesis of liquid fuels by hydrogenation of coal				12
		Process development			12
			High-temperature hydrogenation		12
			Catalysts for hydrogenation of coal		13
		Development of vapor-phase catalysts			14
		Structure of coal			15
			Carbon-oxygen linkages		15
			X-ray-diffraction studies		15
		Analytical methods			16
		Design and construction of instruments			16
			Pellet-strength tester		17
			Slow-rate liquid injector		17
Synthesis Gas from Coal Pilor Plants, Morgantown, W. Va.					19
	Experimental development of processes for producing synthesis gas from coal				19
		Atmospheric-pressure gasifier			19
		High-pressure gasifier			22
	Investigations of coal-feeding methods				24
		Feeding coal into pressurized vessels			25
	Injection-burner investigation				25
	Oxygen plant				25
	High-ratio centrifugal compressor				25
	Laboratory-scale experimentation				26
		Steam-carbon reaction rate			26
	Gas purification				26
		Analytical methods			26
		Bench-scale experiments			27
		Pilot-plant operation			28
Underground gasification project, Gorgas, Ala.					29
Synthetic Fuels Demonstration Plant, Louisiana					35
	Coal-Hydrogenation Demonstration Plant				35
		Operations - liquid phase			35
			Liquid-phase run 10 (Pittsburgh-seam coal)		35
			Liquid-phase run 10 (Velva, N. D. lignite)		37
			Description of coal		37
			Processing		37
			Performance of equipment		40
			Removal of solids and heavy-oil recovery		40
				Multiple centrifugation	40
				Carbonization	41
				Precoat filtration	44
		Operations - vapor phase			44
			Vapor-phase run 5, Illinois No. 6 coal, Pittsburgh-seam coal, and Velva lignite		44
	Gas-Synthesis Demonstration Plant				47
		Coal gasification			47
			Gas-purification Plant		53
				Gas-purification data	53
				1. Girbotol unit	53
				2. Iron oxide towers	55
				3. Activated-carbon towers	55
				4. Kinetics of coal gasification	55
		Fischer-Tropsch synthesis			56
			Gas-purification plant		57
			Synthesis		57
				Objectives and preliminary preparations	57
			History		58
				Catalyst charging	58
				Induction period	58
				Normal operation	59
			Discussion of data		59
				Activity and disintegration of catalyst	59
				Product distribution	59
				Olefin concentration	60
			Mechanical performance of equipment		60
				Mechanical seals	60
				Coolant-oil pumps	60
				Control valves	60
				Oil-inlet tee	62
			Conclusions		62
Appendix. Bibliography of papers and reports presented and published in 1953					63

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