653.    CZERMAK, A.  [Utilization by Processing of Low-Grade Coals As Well As Liquefaction of Coals.]  Montan. Rundschau, vol. 19, 1927, pp. 283-290, 309-316, 337-344, and 371-375; Chem. Abs., vol. 21, 1927, p. 4047.

     Outline of the chemical properties of C and several series of hydrocarbons is followed by a discussion of the methods for utilizing brown coals, lump coal, and lignites.  Effects upon the coal, its byproducts, and heating values are given of the following:  Improvement sin byproduct oven design; drying of the coals by applying steam under pressure, the Bertinierung process; the carburization or Delkeskamp method; and the swelling process.  Descriptions of these processes, sectional diagrams of a Rolle-Oven installations, several tables of data obtained using different kinds of coals, and manufacture and uses of producer gas and Grudekok are included.  The distribution and economics of the petroleum industries are discussed from the national and world standpoints.  The experiments of Bergius and of Fischer in making liquid fuels from coal are reviewed, and compared, and the importance of these processes to countries that do not possess petroleum fields is emphasized.  Gives number of refs. to recent articles on liquefaction.