444.    ---------------.[CAWLEY, C. M.]  Wax Industry in Germany.  BIOS Final Rept., 1831, 1946, 315 pp.

                  A survey of the production, refining, and utilization of hydrocarbon, natural, montan, and synthetic waxes was made by contacting 65 production and utilization sources, each of which is discussed.  The crude-wax products form a substantial part of the products of the Fischer-Tropsch process employed in nine plants having a combined output of about 500,000 tons per yr.  The crude wax products were of 2 kinds:  A soft wax (gatsch) boiling mainly below 450° and a hard wax boiling mainly above 450°.  The medium-pressure process gave a higher yield of both soft and hard waxes than the normal –pressure process.  In the peak year 1943 the total production of soft wax was 46,170 tons and of hard wax 25,830 tons.  The properties, treatment, and utilization of these waxes are dealt with fully.  Two of the most important uses of hydrocarbon waxes were as the raw materials for the synthesis of lubricating oil and fatty acids.  Because Fischer-Tropsch waxes are richer in n-paraffins than petroleum waxes, they are more suitable for these syntheses.  Information is given about various methods for determining the amount of oil in wax products.  All methods were based on the crystallization of wax from chilled solvents and the washing and purification of the wax.  Considerable work had been carried out in the use of chlorinated solvents for the selective separation of waxes.  A summary of information on Fischer-Tropsch waxes is made in an appendix by C. C. Hall, pp. 284-303.