| Acknowledgement |
iii |
| List of Figures |
vi |
| List of Tables |
viii |
| Abstract |
x |
| Introduction |
1 |
| Literature Review |
4 |
| Effect of Experimental Variables on Yield of Extract for
Conventional Extraction Process |
4 |
| Extraction Time |
4 |
| Temperature |
5 |
| Particle Size of Coal |
5 |
| Moisture and Atmospheric Oxygen |
6 |
| Pretreatment of the Coal |
6 |
| Nature of the Solvent |
6 |
| Physical Properties of the Solvent |
6 |
| Chemical Structure of Solvent |
7 |
| Rank of Coal |
7 |
| Solvents of the Benzene Type |
7 |
| Solvents of the Pyridine Type |
8 |
| Extraction Products |
8 |
| The Effect of Ultrasonic Irradiation on Extraction of Coal |
9 |
| Mechanism and Models Proposed for Coal Extraction |
19 |
| Experimental Procedure and Results |
23 |
| Coal Preparation |
23 |
| Sample Preparation |
24 |
| Solvent Preparation |
24 |
| Extraction Apparatus |
24 |
| Determination of Optimum Coal to Solvent Ratio |
26 |
| Experimental Procedure |
26 |
| Preliminary Experiments |
29 |
| Decomposition of Tetralin |
29 |
| Blank Tests on Benzene |
30 |
| Blank Tests on Trichloroethylene |
30 |
| Blank Tests on Benzene and Trichloroethylene |
31 |
| Blank Tests on Tetralin |
31 |
| Precipitation Tests on Extract |
31 |
| Coal Extraction by Tetralin without Ultrasonic Irradiation |
32 |
| Coal Extraction by Tetralin with Ultrasonic Irradation |
33 |
| |
| Discussion of Results |
34 |
| |
| Analysis of Experimental Data |
34 |
| Proposed Mechanism for Extraction of Coal with Ultrasonic
Irradiation |
41 |
| Comparison of Experimental Results with and without an
Ultrasonic Irradiation |
57 |
| |
| Rate and Yield |
59 |
| Infrared Spectra |
61 |
| |
| Conclusions |
68 |
| Bibliography |
70 |
| Nomenclature |
74 |
| Research Proposal |
76 |
| Appendix |
80 |
| VITA |
101 |
