GREET 1.0 - Transportation Fuel Cycles Model: Methodology and Use

Section 1 1069kb	Notation				viii
	Acknowledgments				x
	Abstract				1
	1	Introduction			1
	2	Review of Previous Fuel-Cycle Studies			3
		2.1	Deluccchi - 1991, 1993		3
		2.2	National Renewable Energy Laboratory et al. - 1991, 1992		4
		2.3	Bentley et al - 1992		6
		2.4	Brogran and Venkateswaran - 1992		7
		2.5	Ecotraffic, AB - 1992		8
		2.6	Wang and Santini - 1993		8
		2.7	Darrow - 1994a, 1994b		9
		2.8	Acurex - 1995		11
		2.9	Summary		12
Section 2 629kb	3	Modeling Approach			13
		3.1	Fuel Cycles and Their Stages		13
		3.2	Vehicle Type		13
		3.3	Calculation of Energy Use during a Fuel-Cycle Stage		13
		3.4	Calculation of Emissions for Each Fuel-Cycle Stage		15
	4	Calculation of Fuel-Cycle Emissions and Energy Use			20
		4.1	Petroleum-Based Fuel Cycles		20
			4.1.1	Energy Efficiencies	20
			4.1.2	VOC Evaporation and Fuel Spillage	20
			4.1.3	Noncombustion Emissions at Refineries	21
		4.2	Natural-Gas-Based Fuel Cycles		22
			4.2.1	Energy Efficiencies	22
			4.2.2	CH₄ Leakage and Fuel Spillage	22
Section 3 813kb			4.2.3	Noncombustion Emissions during Natural Gas Processing and Fuel Production	24
		4.3	Ethanol Production Cycles		24
			4.3.1	Fuel and Fertilizer Use for Corn and Biomass Production	25
			4.3.2	Energy Efficiencies for Other Stages	26
			4.3.3	Noncombustion Emission Sources	26
			4.3.4	Other Critical Assumptions	27
		4.4	Coal to Electricity		28
			4.4.1	Energy Efficiencies	28
			4.4.2	Noncombustion Emissions	28
		4.5	Uranium to Electricity		29
		4.6	Landfill Gases to Methanol		29
			4.6.1	Energy Efficiencies	29
			4.6.2	Emission Credits of Methanol Production	29
		4.7	Electricity Generation		30
			4.7.1	Combustion Technologies	30
			4.7.2	Power Plant Conversion Efficiencies	30
			4.7.3	Electric Generation Mixes	32
		4.8	Vehicle Operations		32
			4.8.1	Vehicle Fuel Economy and Component Efficiencies	32
			4.8.2	Emissions	35
Section 4 194kb	5	Model Layout			37
Section 5 1191kb	6	Energy Use and Emissions Results			40
Section 6 326kb	7	References			57
Section 6 326kb	Appendix: Changes in Energy Use and Emissions by Alternative Fuels				61