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Pathways for Natural Gas into Advanced Vehicles - 2002

Nils-Olof Nylund
Juhani Laurikko
Markku Ikonen

In this pdf format, this document has 105 pages and is 2.41MB.

Table of Contents

ABSTRACT
PREFACE
SUMMARY
GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS
PART A: TECHNOLOGY AND FUELS FOR NEW GENERATION VEHICLES
1 Introduction
2 Review of vehicle and propulsion technology
3 Internal combustion engine vehicles
 

3.1

Advances in ICEs
  3.1.1 General
3.1.2 Manifold and valve train designs
3.1.3 Direct injection engines
3.1.4 Turbocharging
3.1.5 Variable compression ratio
3.1.6 Increased electric voltage
3.1.7 OBD systems
3.1.8 HCCI engines
3.1.9 Natural gas in advanced ICEs

3.2

Fuel requirements for advanced ICEs
  3.2.1 General
3.2.2 Availability of sulphur-free fuels
3.2.3 European legislation
3.2.4 World Wide Fuel Charter
3.2.5 Standards for natural gas quality

4

Hybrid vehicle technology
 

4.1

Advantage of hybrid vehicles

4.2

First mass-production hybrid vehicle

4.3 Different types of hybrid vehicles
4.4 Natural gas as a fuel for hybrid vehicles
5 Fuel cell technology
  5.1 General
5.2 Fuel cell types
5.3 Fuelling the fuel cells
  5.3.1 General
5.3.2 Fuel processor technologies
5.3.3 Fuel options for fuel processors
5.3.4 Comparing reformation efficiencies
5.4

The complete FC system

5.5

Possibilities for distributed power

5.6

Alliances and joint-ventures for stack and fuel processor development

5.7

Progress in performance and time to market scenarios

6

Hydrogen as a fuel

  6.1

General

6.2

Production

  6.2.1 Volumes and sources
6.2.2 Electrolysis
6.2.3

Thermochemical reforming

  6.2.3.1 Large scale, central (remote) production
6.2.3.2 Small scale, on-site/on-board production
6.2.3.3 Other possibilities
6.3

Infrastructure and storage of hydrogen

  6.3.1

Storage options

  6.3.1.1 Compressed H2
6.3.1.2 Liquid H2
6.3.1.3 Hybride H2
6.3.2 Transportation and distribution
6.3.3 Refueling
6.3.4 Similarities between CH4 and H2
6.4 Safety Issues
6.5 Standards for hydrogen use in transportation
6.6 Cost issues
7

Ways and possibilities of introducing NG into the transportation energy supply

  7.1 General
7.2 Conventional fuels
7.3 Synthetic fuels (diesel, gasoline)
7.4 Direct methane
7.5 Methanol
7.6 DME
7.7 Natural gas to Hydrogen
8

System efficiency - a "well-to-wheels" analysis

  8.1

General remarks

8.2 General description of the procedure and references to data source
8.3 Efficiency and energy use of selected fuel/power-train options
  8.3.1 Crude oil to gasoline and diesel
8.3.2 Natural gas
8.3.3 Natural gas to electricity and hydrogen by electrolysis (central and local production)
8.3.4 Natural gas to methanol to be used in FCV with an on-board reformer
8.3.5 Natural gas to Fischer-Tropsch diesel (FTD)
8.4 Discussion and synthesis from the efficiency assessment
8.5 Emissions
  8.5.1 GHG - emissions
8.5.2 Toxic emissions and other air pollutants
8.6

Conclusions on system efficiencies

9

Recommendations for the natural gas vehicle industry

 
PART B: EXAMPLES OF NEW GENERATION VEHICLES
1 Advanced gasoline vehicles
  1.1 Honda Accord
1.2 Nissan Centra
2 Hybrid-electric vehicles
  2.1 Toyota Prius
2.2 Honda Insight
3 Advanced natural gas vehicles
  3.1 Honda Civic GX
3.2 Opel Zafira CNG, Volvo Bi-fuel and Fiat Multipla Bipower
3.3 The Iveco CityClass natural gas bus
4 Fuel cell vehicles
  4.1 Daimler-Chrysler Necar 5
4.2 Open HydroGen 3
4.3 Toyota FCHV-4 and FCHV-5
4.4 The Mercedes-Benz Citaro fuel cell bus
5 Vehicles with hydrogen powered combustions engine
  5.1 BMW 750hL
5.2 BMW 745h
5.3 The Hydrogen Powered Mini