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Preparation of Environmental Analyses for Synfuel and Unconventional Gas Technologies.

Robert M. Reed, Elizabeth L. Etnier, Michael J. Sale, Roger L. Kroodsma,
Martin Scweitzer, Patrick J Mullholland, John Switek, Kathleen M. Oakes
Nancy D. Vaughn, Larry D. Voorhees, R. Dickinson Roop, E. Douglas Waits

Union Carbide

Part 1, Pages 1 - 132, has 5.96 MB
Part 2, Pages 133 - 198, has 2.81 MB

Table of Contents

Part 1, Pages 1 - 132, has 5.96 MB

 

Acknowledgements

iii

Abstract

v

List of Tables

xi

List of Figures

xiii

1.

Introduction

1

2.

Western Oil Shale (M. J. Sale, E. L. Etinier, M. Schweitzer, and E. D. Waits)

 

2.1

Resource Description

3

2.2

Technology Overview

6

2.2.1

Mining

9

2.2.2

Aboveground Retorting

9

2.2.3

Tue In Situ Retorting

10

2.2.4

Modified in Situ Retorting

10

2.2.5

Upgrading and Distribution

11

2.3

Potentially Significant Issues

11

2.3.1

Land Use

12

2.3.2

Air Quality

14

2.3.3

Water Use

16

2.3.4

Water Quality

18

2.3.5

Impacts on Biota

21

2.3.6

Solid Waste Disposal

22

2.3.7

Reclamation

24

2.3.8

Socioeconomics

 

2.3.9

Health and Safety

26

2.4

References

33

3.

Tar Sand  (K. M. Oakes, M. J. Sale, N. D. Vaughn, J. Switek, and E. L. Etnier)

 

3.1

Resource Description

35

3.2

Technology Overview

37

3.2.1

Surface Mining

37

3.2.2

Separation Processes

38

3.2.3

Upgrading Processes

40

3.2.4

In Situ Extraction

41

3.3

Potentially Significant Issues

43

3.3.1

Land Use

 

3.3.2

Air Quality

45

3.3.3

Water Use

46

3.3.4

Water Quality

47

3.3.5

Impacts on Biota

49

3.3.6

Noise

50

3.3.7

Solid Waste Disposal

51

3.3.8

Reclamation

52

3.3.9

Socioeconomics

53

3.3.10

Health and Safety

54

3.4

References

57

4.

Coal Gasification and Liquefaction (M. J. Sale, R. L. Kroodsma, M. Schweitzer, and E. L. Etnier)

57

4.1

Resource Description

59

4.2

Technology Overview

65

4.2.1

Coal Gasification

65

4.2.2

Coal Liquefaction

68

4.2.3

Auxiliary Processes

71

4.3

Potentially Significant Issues

71

4.3.1

Land Use

71

4.3.2

Air Quality

74

4.3.3

Water Use

76

4.3.4

Water Quality

79

4.3.5

Solid Waste Disposal

82

4.3.6

Impacts on Biota

83

4.3.7

Socioeconomics

85

4.3.8

Health and Safety

88

4.4

References

91

5.

Peat (R. M. Reed, L. D. Voorhees, P. J. Mulholland, and M. Schweitzer)

 

5.1

Peatland Resources

97

5.2

Technology Overview

102

5.2.1

Peatland Preparation

102

5.2.2

Harvesting

103

5.2.3

Dewatering

104

5.2.4

Use or Conversion

105

5.2.5

Use or Conversion

105

5.3

Potentially Significant Issues

112

5.3.1

Land Use

112

5.3.2

Air Quality

114

5.3.3

Hydrology

115

5.3.4

Water Quality

116

5.3.6

Solid Waste Disposal

117

5.3.7

Impacts on Biota

118

5.3.9

Reclamation

121

5.3.10

Socioeconomics

122

5.3.11

Health and Safety

124

5.4

References

127

Part 2, Pages 133 - 198, has 2.81 MB  
6.

Unconventional Gas (K. M. Oakes and E. L. Etnier)

 

6.1

Resource Description

133

6.1.1

Western Tight Gas Sands

133

6.1.2

Eastern Devonian Gas Shales

136

6.1.3

Methane from Coal Seams

137

6.1.4

Methane from Geopressured Aquifers

137

6.2

Technology Overview

138

6.2.1

Drilling

138

6.2.2

Advanced Fracturing Methods

140

6.2.3

Well Testing

141

6.2.4

Gas Production

142

6.2.5

Tight Gas Sands

142

6.2.6

Devonian Gas Shales

143

6.2.7

Coal Seam Methane

144

6.2.8

Methane from Geopressured Aquifers

145

6.3

Potentially Significant Issues

145

6.3.1

Land Use

145

6.3.2

Induced Seismicity and Subsidence

147

6.3.3

Air Quality

149

6.3.4

Water Use

150

6.3.5

Water Quality

151

6.3.6

Impacts on Biota

155

6.3.7

Noise

157

6.3.8

Socioeconomics

157

6.3.9

Health and Safety

158

6.4

References

161

7.

Fuel Ethanol (R. D. Roop)

 

7.1

Resource Description

165

7.1

Technology Overview

165

7.1.1

Alcohol Production Process

168

7.1.2

Raw Materials

171

7.1.3

Energy Sources

172

7.1.4

Economic Factors

173

7.2

Potentially Significant Issues

174

7.2.1

Land Use

174

7.2.2

Atmospheric Emissions

175

7.2.3

Stillage Use or Disposal

176

7.2.4

Waste Water Discharges

178

7.2.5

Socioeconomics

180

7.2.6

Health and Safety

181

7.3

References

186