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Production of High Density Aviation Fuels Via Novel Zeolite Catalyst Routes

Hansen, Dr. Francis V.

University of Utah

Part 1, pages 1 - 158 has 5.51MB.
Part 2,  pages 158 - 273 has 3.66MB.
Part 3, pages 274 - 487 has 5.29MB

Table of Contents

Part 1

 

Section I:  Introduction

1

Aviation Turbine Fuels

1

Possible Processing Schemes for the Production of High Density Aviation Turbine Fuels

7

Hydrogenation of Aromatic Refining Feed Streams

8

Removal of Normal Paraffin’s from Naphthenic Refinery Feedstreams

8

Solvent Extraction

8

Shape Selective Formation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Followed by Hydrogenation to the Corresponding Naphthene

13

Section II:  Analysis of Aviation Turbine Fuel Samples

15

Analysis of the High Density Aviation Turbine Fuel

17

Analysis of Conventional Aviation Turbine Fuels and Pyrolysis Oils

26

Analysis of the Aromatic 2040 Solvent

26

Section III:  Shape Selective Catalysis

41

Introduction

41

Zeolite Catalysts

42

General Concepts Related to Zeolite Synthesis

43

Characteristic Structures of Catalytically Important Zeolites

45

 

Large Pore Zeolites

45

Small Pore Zeolites

46

Pentasil Zeolites and Molecular Sieves

47

Shape Selective Zeolite Catalysis and Catalysts

49

Preparation of Shape Selective Zeolites

49

 

Synthesis of ZZSM-type Zeolites

49

Synthesis of Zeolite ZSM-5

50

Synthesis of Zeolite ZSM-48

54

Factors Affecting the Synthesis of the ZSM Family of Zeolites

55

Substitutes in the Framework of the ZSM Family of Zeolites

56

Modification of Shape Selective Zeolites for Catalytic Use

56

 

Ion Exchange

56

Thermal Treatment

57

Chemical Modification

57

Metal Loading

58

Characterization of Zeolites

59

 

X-ray Diffraction

59

Microanalysis

59

Thermal Desorption

61

Vibrational Spectroscopy

62

Solid State NMR

64

Kinetic Characterization

65

Intracrystalline Diffusion in Zeolites

66

Shape Selective Zeolite Catalysis

67

 

Types of Shape Selective Zeolite Catalysts

67

Coking on Shape Selective Zeolite Catalysts

69

Applications of Shape Selective Zeolite Catalysts in Industrially Significant Processes

70

 

Methanol to gasoline Process

70

Methanol to Olefins and Distillates

71

Middle Distillate and Lube Oil Dewaxing

72

M-Forming Process

73

Alkylation of Aromatics

73

 

Benzene Alkylation

73

Toluene Alkylation

74

Toluene Disproportionation

74

Xylene Isomerization

75

Preparation of Zeolites ZSM-5 and ZSM-48

75

 

Preparation of Zeolite ZSM-5

75

Preparation of Zeolite ZSM-48

78

Characterization of Synthetic Zeolites

83

 

Elemental Analysis of Synthetic Zeolites

83

X-ray Diffraction

83

Thermal Desorption

84

Infrared Spectroscopy

84

SEM and the Morphology of Zeolites

87

Channel Structure

87

Acidity

87

Surface Area

88

Reactivity of Methanol and Higher Alcohols over Zeolites

88

Chemical Supplies

90

Section IV:  Selective Synthesis of Aromatic Hydrocarbons over
                     Zeolite Catalysts

93

Laboratory Preparation of ZSM-5 and ZSM-48 Zeolites

93

 

Synthesis of ZSM-5

93

Synthesis of ZSM-48

99

Chemical Composition

116

Summary

120

Characterization of Synthesized Zeolites

120

 

Thermal Desorption

120

Infrared Spectroscopy

125

Catalytic Cracking of n-Hexane

131

Isomerization of Isobutane

134

Surface Area Measurement

136

Summary

142

Reaction of Alcohols over Zeolites

143

 

Summary

156

Part 2 

Preliminary Methanol Conversion Process Study

158

 

Methanol Conversion over ZSM-5 and ZSM-48

159

Pressure Effect

164

Temperature Effect

164

Reaction Index

164

Dual Reactor Study

168

Section V:  Selective Hydrogenation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

173

Supported Metal Catalyst Preparation

173

Catalyst Characterization by Hydrogen Chemisorption

174

 

Measurement of Sites

174

     Constant Volume Adsorption Apparatus

176

Vacuum System

183

 

Vacuum System

183

Gas Handling and Purification System

184

Operating Procedures

184

 

Catalyst Loading

184

Catalyst Pretreatment

185

Adsorption Isotherm Procedure

186

Adsorption Isotherm Calculation Procedure

188

Doser Volume Calibration

189

Calculation of the Cell Volume

190

Adsorption Isotherm Calculation

192

Hydrogenation of Toluene

203

Hydrogenation of Naphthalene

203

Section VI:  Selective Catalytic Cracking of Normal Paraffins in
                      Kerosene Boiling Range Feedstocks Over ZSM-5

206

Introduction

206

Experimental Apparatus

207

 

Description of the Components of the System

207

 

Gas Feed System

207

Liquid Feed System

209

Reactor

210

Product Collection System

210

Operating Procedure

210

 

Catalyst Loading Procedure

211

Mass Balance Procedure

212

Computer Analysis of Results

214

Model Compound Studies

215

 

Catalyst Preparation

215

Thermal Cracking

216

Hexadecane Cracking at 573 K (300ºC)

216

Cracking Reactions as a Function of Residence Time

219

Distillate Fuel Studies

224

 

Freeze Point Reductions of Kerosene and Diesel Fuels

224

Dewaxing of Kerosene and Diesel to Maximize Density

229

Conclusions

231

Section VII:  Design and Construction of a BET Surface Area
                       Apparatus

233

Introduction

233

Procedure for Surface Area Measurement

234

Experimental Apparatus

235

 

Adsorption System

236

Vacuum System

241

Gas Storage System

241

Catalyst Pretreatment System

242

Adsorption/Desorption Isotherm Procedure

242

 

Determination of Sample Cell Dead Volume

242

Determination of the Isotherm

246

Calculation of the Adsorption/Desorption Isotherm

248

Scope of the BET System

250

Results

251

 

Computer Program

251

Adsorption/Desorption Isotherm for Alumina

252

Adsorption/Desorption Isotherm for ZSM-5

256

Discussion

258

 

C-Values

258

Isotherm Modeling

264

Hysteresis Loops

269

Conclusions

273

Part 3 

Section VIII:  Design and Fabrication of the Catalyst Testing Unit

274

Reactor Design

274

 

Temperature Controllers

276

Pressure

276

Space Velocity and Mixing Ratio

278

 

Gas Feed and Mixing Ratio

278

Liquid Feed

278

Gas-Liquid Separator

278

Two-Stage Compressor

279

Gas Recycle Pump

279

Packed Distillation Column

279

Automation of the Reactor System

283

Section IX:  Literature Survey

288

Introduction

288

Database File

291

References

316