List of Figures

List of Tables

1

Prologue to Volume II

A

Introduction

B

Objectives

C

Study Approach

D

Basic Information

E

Critical Factors

F

Complementing Work

G

Applicability

2

Automotive Fuel Supply and Demand Forecasts

References

Appendix

3

Reference Supply Case

A

Introduction

1

Content of Reference Case

2

Scenarios:  Bases for Projections of Supply and Demand

3

Summary and Conclusions

B

Projected Domestic Oil Supply and Imported Oil Requirements

C

Projected Resource Requirements for Production of Domestic Oil

1

Drill Rigs, Labor and Steel

2

Capital Investment

D

Projected Environmental Impacts

1

Impact Scaling Factors

a

Crude Oil Production

b

Crude Oil Distribution and Oil Imports

c

Refineries

2

Environmental Impacts

a

Onshore Production

b

Alaska Production

c

Offshore Production with Attendant Transport and Refining Operations

Appendices

A

Quantities of Oil Resources and Reserves

B

Method for HG3 Regional Supply Projection

C

Trends in Past U.S. Production and Their Implications for Future Production

1

A Brief History of U.S. Oil Production and Oil Exploration

2

A Brief History of U.S. Crude Oil Supply and Demand

References

4

Synthetic Liquid Fuels:  The Technology, Resource Requirements, and Pollutant Emissions

A

Introduction and Overview

B

Discussion of Technologies

1

Liquid Fuels from Coal

a

Extraction

b

Conversion

c

Distribution

2

Oil Shale

a

Extraction

b

Conversion

c

Distribution

C

Material and Energy Flow

1

Energy Efficiency

a

Methanol from Coal

b

Syncrude from Coal

c

Syncrude from Oil Shale

2

Resource Consumption

a

Coal and Oil Shale

b

Water

c

Land

d

Labor

e

Steel

f

Other

3

Byproducts and Residuals

a

Saleable Byproducts

b

Solid Waste

c

Effluents to Water

d

Effluents to Air

e

Trace Elements

4

Costs and Dollar Flows

a

Investment and Operating Costs

b

Dollar Flow for Plant Construction and Operation

References

5

Net Energy Analysis of Synthetic Liquid Fuels Production

A

Introduction

B

Methodology

C

Analysis of Synthetic Fuel Processes

1

Coal Liquefaction (H-Coal Process)

2

Methanol from Coal

3

Oil Shale

D

Coal-to-Refined Products System

E

Summary

References

6

Maximum Credible Implementation Scenario for Synthetic Liquid Fuels from Coal and Oil Shale

A

Introduction

B

Implementation Schedule

C

Comparison with the National Academy of Engineering Scenarios

D

Scenarios and Scaling Factors

E

Resources

References

7

Legal Mechanisms for Access to Coal and Oil Shale

A

Introduction:  Principles

B

Federal Lands

1

Licenses

2

Permits

3

Leases

4

Federal Requirements in Pricing

C

Indian Lands

D

Access to Oil Shale on Public Lands

E

Summary of Federal Oil Shale Leases

F

State Lands

1

Colorado

2

Montana

3

Wyoming

4

West Virginia

G

Vetoed Strip Mine Act

H

Existing Environmental Regulations

I

State Reclamation Statues and Regulations

J

Other Regulations

8

Financing the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Industry by the U.S. Capital Markets

A

Introduction

B

Outlook for Total Business Fixed Investment and Other Related Macroeconomic Variables

C

Investment in the Energy Industry

D

Capital Availability in the Petroleum Industry

E

Conclusions

Appendices

A

Projections of GNP, and Sources and Uses of Funds

B

Projections of Capital Investment in the Oil and Gas Industry

C

Projections of Cash Flow for the Petroleum and Gas Industry

References

9

Market Penetration of Synthetic Liquid Fuels--Key Role of the Decision-Making Process Leading to Deployment

A

Introduction

B

Synthetic Liquid Fuels and the Natural Petroleum System

C

Common Misconceptions About the Petroleum Industry

D

Example of the Decision-Making Process

E

Comparison of the Risks

F

Comparison of the Economic Risk

G

The Decision-Making Climate for Synthetic Liquid Fuels

References

10

Government Policies to Encourage the Production of Synthetic Liquid Fuels

A

Introduction

B

Required Features of Federal Policy

C

Incentive Policy Options

1

Removal of Constraints

2

Tax Incentives

3

General Price Support

4

Special Price Supports

5

Government Participation

a

Government Ownership

b

Grants-in Ain

c

Loan Guarantees

D

Conclusions

References

11

National Economic Impacts of the Synthetic Fuels Industry

A

Introduction

B

Interindustry Relationships

C

Materials and Purchased Services Used by the Coal Industry

1

MEC Task Force Projections

2

Overview

D

Conversion Facilities

E

Transportation

1

Railroad Equipment

2

Coal Slurry Pipelines

F

Geographical Distribution Sectors Supplying Synthetic Liquid Fuels Industry

1

Mining and Construction Equipment

2

Explosives

3

Railroad Equipment

4

Steel

5

Summary

Appendix

A

Estimation of Demand for Walking Draglines

References

12

Economic Impacts in Resource Development Regions

A

Introduction

B

Regional Employment Growth

1

Background Theory

2

Population Estimates for Coal Development

3

Coal-Related Development in Campbell County, Wyoming

4

Oil Shale Development in the Piceance Basin, Colorado

C

Comparison With Other Resource Regions

1

North Dakota Lignite

2

Appalachian Coal Development

3

Southern Illinois Coal Region

D

Overview

References

13

Comparative Environmental Effects of Coal Strip Mining

A

Introduction

B

Mining and Environmental Effects

1

Appalachia

2

Midwest and West

3

Summary

C

Reclamation Potential

1

Introduction

2

Appalachia

3

Midwest

4

West

5

Summary

References Cited

Other References

14

Oil Shale Mining and Spent Shale Disposal

A

Introduction

B

Oil Shale Mining

1

Underground Mining

2

Surface Mining

C

Spent Shale Disposal

D

Environmental Problems

1

Mining

2

Spent Shale Reclamation

References

15

Region Specific Biological Impacts of Resource Development

A

Powder River Basin

B

Piceance Basin

C

North Dakota Coal Fields

D

Illinois Coal Fields

E

Appalachian Coal Field

References

16

Air Pollution Control for Synthetic Liquid Fuel Plants

A

Introduction

B

Synthetic Liquid Fuel Plants:  Processes and Emissions of Air Pollutants

1

Syncrude from Oil Shale

a

Control of Emissions

b

Options for Further Control

c

Other Processes

2

Syncrude from Coal

a

Control of Emissions

b

Options for Further Control

c

Other Processes

3

Methanol from Coal

a

Control of Emissions

b

Options for Further Control

4

Summary

C

Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling

1

General Principles

2

Modeling a TOSCO II Oil Shale Plant

a

Characterization of Emission Source

b

Characterization of Oil Shale Region

c

Results of Dispersion and Site Modeling

3

Modeling an H-Coal Syncrude Plant

a

Characterization of Emission Source

b

Characterization of Powder River Coal Region

c

Results of Dispersion Modeling

4

Effects of Multiple Plants in a Region

5

Sensitivity Analysis

D

Control Requirements

1

Conclusions

2

Recommendations

References

17

Secondary Environmental Impacts From Urbanization

A

Sources of Secondary Environmental Impacts

B

Urban Growth:  Coal and Oil Shale Regions of the West

C

Quantifiable Impacts

1

Scaling Factors

2

Water-Related Impacts

3

Air Quality Impacts

D

Nonquantifiable Impacts

E

Summary

References

18

Health Issues in Synthetic Liquid Fuels Development

A

Introduction

B

Effects of Industrial Development in New Areas

C

End Use Impacts

D

Localized and Occupational Health Problems

E

Research Needs

References

19

Water Availability in the Western United States

A

Introduction

B

Water Rights and the Federal Government

1

Scope of Federal Water Rights

2

Federal Power over Navigable Streams

3

Federal Proprietary Water Rights

4

Summary of Federal Water Power

5

Federal Reserved Land in the Oil Shale Region

6

Implications of the Federal Power

7

Attempts at Resolution

8

The Mexican Treaty of 1944

9

The Federal Government as a Disburser of Water

10

Indian Claims to Western Water

a

The Problem

b

Theory of Indian Water Rights

c

Measurement of Indian Water Rights

d

Relation of Indian Water Rights to Water Rights Administered Under State Law

e

Scope of the Problem

f

Conclusions

C

Interstate Allocation of Water

D

State Systems for Water Allocation in the West

1

General Systems

2

The Need for Certainty of Water Rights

3

Transfer of Water Rights

4

Interbasin Transfers

5

Conditional Decrees

6

Public Interest in Water

7

Pricing of Water

8

Ground Water

9

State Action Generally

E

Water Requirements for Coal and Oil Shale Development

F

Coal Transport:  Pipeline versus Rail

1

Coal Slurry Pipelines

2

Railroad Transport of Coal

3

Critical Factors

4

Eminent Domain for Pipeline Right-of-Way

5

Railroad Opposition to Pipelines

6

Pipeline Regulation

7

Pipeline Impact on Railroads

8

Proposed Resolution

G

Summary

References

20

Water Availability in the Eastern United States

A

Introduction

B

Water Requirements

C

Water Supply

1

Illinois

2

Kentucky

3

West Virginia

D

Legal Aspects of Water Availability

1

Riparian Law

2

Position of the States

E

Federal Programs that Relate to Water Resource Development in the East

References

21

The Impact of Industrial Growth on Rural Society

A

Introduction

B

Interest Groups

1

Local Government

2

State Government

3

Federal Government

4

Ranchers and Farmers

5

Workers and Other Residents

6

Businessmen

7

New Employees and Other Newcomers

8

The Energy Industrialists

9

Environmentalists

10

Energy Consumers

C

Dynamics of Urban Growth Related to Public Expenditure

1

Stages of Urban Growth

2

Population Growth and Per Capita Costs

3

Growth and Revenue

4

Tax Lag

D

Policy Options for Controlled Growth Rates

1

Nonfiscal Options

2

Fiscal Options

References

22

Population Growth Constrained Synthetic Liquid Fuel Implementation Scenarios

23

Comparative Impacts of Controlled and Uncontrolled Urbanization

A

Introduction

B

Impact of the Maximum Credible Level of Synthetic Fuel Production

C

Development Constrained by a 5 Percent Annual Growth Rate

D

A 5 Percent Growth Rate in Campbell County

E

The Maximum Credible Level of Oil-shale Mining and Retorting Piceance Basin

F

Oil Shale Development by a 5 Percent Annual Growth Rate--Piceance Basin

G

Implications for Appalachia

H

Implications for Southern Illinois

I

Summary

References