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Development of Disposable Sorbents for Chloride Removal
From High Temperature Coal-Derived Gases:
Final Technical Report - October 1993 to June 1999

Krishnan, Gopala
Gupta, Raghubir

Research Triangle Institute

In the pdf format this document has 134 pages and is 1MB.

Table of Contents

ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS x
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
INTRODUCTION 4
Need for Removal of Hydrogen Chloride Vapor 4
  The Extent of Occurrence of HCI Vapor in Coal Gasification Systems 4
Need for HC1 Removal in IGCC Power Generation Systems 5
Need for HC1 Removal in Hot Gas Cleanup Systems 6
Previous Studies for HC1 Removal 7
Program Objectives 9
SORBENT PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION 10
Thermodynamic Considerations 10
Sorbent Selection 12
Occurrence of Sodium Carbonate Minerals 13
Reactivity of Nahcolite Powder 14
Fabrication and Characterization of the Sorbent Pellets 16
  Fabrication of Sorbent Pellets 16
Physical Properties of the Pellets 16
Reactivities of the Extruded Pellets for HC1 Absorption 25
Fabrication and Characterization of Fluidized-Bed Sorbents 28
  Sorbent Compositions Investigated 29
Fabrication of Nahcolite Sorbents 29
Physical Properties of Fluidized-Bed Sorbents 31
Sorbent Reactivity Studies 33
Sorbents for Moving-Bed Reactors 40
BENCH SCALE TEST FACILITIES 41
Atmospheric Test Facility for Sorbent Screening Studies 41
  Fixed-Bed Reactor System 41
Fluidized-Bed Reactor System 43
High Pressure Test Facilities 43
  Fixed-Bed Reactor System 43
Fluidized-Bed Reactor System 46
Circulating-Fluidized-Bed Reactor System 49
Cold-Flow Fluidized-Bed Unit 51
Ion Chromatograph for HC1 Analysis 52
BENCH-SCALE TESTING 54
Gas Composition 54
Fixed-Bed Reactor Tests 55
  Reactor Performance Verification 55
Effect of Binder 57
Effect of Pellet Size 60
Effect of Hydrogen Sulfied in the Coal Gas 62
Effect of Pressure 65
Test with Other Chloride Removal Sorbents 67
Fluidized-Bed Reactor Tests 70
  Influence of Sorbent Preparation Method on Chloride Capture Capacity 70
Influence of Fluidization Velocity 70
High Pressure Fluidized-Bed Reactor Tests 72
Effect of Pressure on HC1 Removal by Nahcolite Sorbent NS-01 72
Effect of Steam Concentration 74
Atmospheric Entrained-Bed Studies 76
Reactivity of Moving-Bed Reactor Sorbents 78
DATA ANALYSIS 80
Fixed-Bed Reactor Data 80
Fluidized- and Entrained-Bed Data 84
PILOT-SCALE TESTING OF SORBENTS 86
Tests at GE-CRD Facility 86
Sorbent Flowability Studies 90
Tests at the FETC NGCR Facility 91
SPENT SORBENT ANALYSIS 97
PRELIMINARY ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT 102
Conceptual System Configuration 102
Chloride Sorbent Selection 103
Economic Estimates 104
  Process Design Bases and Process Description 104
Sorbent Cost 109
Capital Investment 110
Annual Operating Cost 112
Economic Sensitivity Studies 113
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 117
REFERENCES 119