Section 1
490kb |
1 |
Executive Summary |
1 |
|
2 |
Alternate Fuel Forecast |
8 |
| |
2.1 |
Prediction of Major Alternative Fuel Types |
8 |
|
2.1.1 |
Fuels and Selection Factors Considered |
8 |
|
2.2 |
Anticipated Future Trend Regarding Petroleum
and Alternative Fules |
12 |
|
2.3 |
Anticipated Trend Regarding General Army Fuel
Requirements |
16 |
|
3 |
Analysis of Fuel Technology |
19 |
| |
3.1 |
General Overview of Synthetic Fuel Technology |
19 |
Section 2
634kb |
3.2 |
Discussion of Major Synthetic Fuels |
23 |
| |
3.2.1 |
Coal and Shale Derived Synthetic Crudes |
23 |
| |
3.2.1.1 |
Resource Availability |
23 |
| |
3.2.1.1.1 |
Coal |
23 |
| 3.2.1.1.2 |
Shale |
27 |
|
3.2.1.2 |
Present Status of Conversion Processes |
33 |
| |
3.2.1.2.1 |
Coal Liquefaction Processes |
33 |
| |
3.2.1.2.1.1 |
Direct Hydrogenation Processes |
33 |
| 3.2.1.2.1.2 |
Donor-Solvent Extraction Processes |
34 |
| 3.2.1.2.1.3 |
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis |
34 |
| 3.2.1.2.1.4 |
Pyrolysis of Coal |
34 |
| 3.2.1.2.1.5 |
Solvent Refined Coal |
36 |
|
3.2.1.2.2 |
Shale Oil Processes |
37 |
| |
3.2.1.2.2.1 |
TOSCO II Process |
37 |
| 3.2.1.2.2.2 |
Bureau of Mines Process |
39 |
| 3.2.1.2.2.3 |
Union Oil Company Process |
39 |
|
3.2.1.2.3 |
Composition of Raw Products |
40 |
| |
3.2.1.2.3.1 |
Synthetic Crude Oils from Shale |
40 |
| 3.2.1.2.3.2 |
Synthetic Crude Oils from Coal |
45 |
Section 3
487kb |
3.2.2 |
Methanol |
52 |
| 3.2.3 |
Tar Sands |
55 |
|
3.3 |
Present Fuels and Petroleum Processing
Technology |
58 |
| |
3.3.1 |
General Chemical Composition of Petroleum |
58 |
| |
3.3.1.1 |
Formation of Crude Oil |
60 |
| 3.3.1.2 |
The Hydrocarbon Composition of Fuels |
61 |
| 3.3.1.3 |
Trace Impurities Potentially Present in Fuels |
61 |
| |
3.3.1.3.1 |
Sulfur Compounds |
67 |
| 3.3.1.3.2 |
Nitrogen Compounds |
67 |
| 3.3.1.3.3 |
Oxygen Compounds |
72 |
Section 4
663kb |
3.3.2 |
Composition of Fuels |
78 |
| 3.3.3 |
Existing Petroleum Refining Technology |
83 |
| |
3.3.3.1 |
Crude Assay |
83 |
| 3.3.3.2 |
Refinery Processes |
84 |
|
3.3.4 |
Anticipated Synthetic Crude Processing |
90 |
| |
3.3.4.1 |
General Problems |
90 |
| 3.3.4.2 |
Processing Synthetic Crude from Coal |
93 |
| 3.3.4.3 |
Processing Synthetic Crude from Shale |
97 |
| 3.3.4.4 |
Hydrogen Production |
97 |
| 3.3.4.5 |
Consideration of Refinery Integration |
100 |
|
4 |
Areas for Fruitful R&D Effort |
103 |
Section 5
603kb |
5 |
Appendix |
108 |
