Return to Bulletins

Bulletin 578

Synthetic Liquid From Hydrogenation of Carbon Monoxide

In the pdf format this document has 146 pages
1-19 1423kb 60-79 1368kb 120-139 1192kb
20-39 1712kb 80-99 1240kb 140-146 443kb
40-59 1244kb 100-119 1123kb  

Contents

Page

Summary

1

Introduction

3

Acknowledgment

3

Preparation and properties of catalysts

4

Cobalt catalysts

4

Physical properties

4

Unreduced catalysts

4

Reduced catalysts

6

Structure

6

Surface area and pore volume

7

Carburized catalysts

15

Used catalysts

16

Reduction of cobalt catalysts

17

Kieselguhr in cobalt catalysts

18

Properties

18

Function

20

Cobalt carbide

21

Preparation and identification

21

Rate of carbide formation

23

Formation of free carbon

24

Thermal stability of cobalt carbide

26

Iron catalysts

28

Preparation

28

Precipitated catalysts

28

Fused-magnetite catalysts

29

Cemented catalysts

30

Catalysts from commercially available sources of iron

33

Physical properties of iron catalysts

33

Crystal structure of fused catalysts

33

Surface areas and pore volumes

34

Fused-magnetite catalysts

34

Structural changes during reduction of fused catalysts

36

Precipitated-iron catalysts

42

Cemented catalysts

45

Rate of reduction of fused-iron catalysts

45

General rate equation

45

Catalyst composition and particle size

46

Influence of operating variables

47

Flow of hydrogen

47

Composition of reducing gas

47

Temperature

49

Pressure

49

Iron carbides

50

Preparation and identification

50

Some reactions of iron carbides

53

Nitrides and carbonitrides of iron

54

Studies of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

56

Cobalt catalysts

56

Cobalt carbide in the synthesis

56

Synthesis test of carbided catalysts

57

Evidence that bulk cobalt carbide is not formed during synthesis

62

Effect of operating variables

63

Temperature

63

Pressure

63

Composition and flow of synthesis gas

65

Effect of pelleting

66

Kinetics and selectivity

66

Activity related to surface area

71

Iron catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

72

Chemical and physical nature of catalysts

74

Method of preparation

74

Precipitated-iron catalysts

74

Fused-iron catalysts

77

Cemented- and sintered-iron catalysts

79

Catalysts from commercially available sources of iron

83

Effect of alkali content

85

Particle size and pelleting

87

Pretreatment of iron catalysts

89

Fused-iron catalysts

90

Precipitated-iron catalysts

94

Alkalized goethite ore

97

Phase changes during synthesis

97

Influence of operating variables

101

Variation of conversion with space velocity and temperature

101

Pressure

101

Composition of synthesis gas

105

Influence of operating variables and composition of catalysts on usage ratio

108

Selectivity of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

112

Carbon-number distribution

112

Isomer distribution

119

Mechanism of chain growth based on isomer and carbon-number distribution

121

Appendix

127

Experimental methods for pretreating iron catalysts

127

Improved caustic scrubber

127

Gas-sampling tube for fixed-bed reactor

129

Adsorption and density vessel

129

Thermomagnetic analysis

129

Ferromagnetic measurement of reactions in solids

135

Loading device for extruding samples for X-ray diffraction analysis

136

Preparation of samples for electron microscope

136

Preparation of carbon monoxide enriched in C13

138